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Complete resource covering theory and practical applications to solve modern agricultural challenges and enhance productivity, sustainability, and food safety
Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture addresses the pressing challenges of modern agriculture and food security by demonstrating how nanotechnology can provide innovative solutions. It solves problems related to low crop yields, inefficient pest control, and inadequate food safety measures by introducing advanced nanoscale materials and techniques. By showcasing practical applications of nanotechnology in enhancing soil health, optimizing nutrient delivery, and improving pest management, the book offers strategies to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability.
It also tackles issues in food quality and safety through advanced nano-sensors and packaging solutions, ensuring that food production and distribution are both more efficient and secure. By bridging theoretical knowledge with practical applications, this comprehensive resource provides valuable insights into how nanotechnology can be influenced to achieve sustainable agricultural practices and enhance global food security.
In Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, readers will find information on:
Mechanisms, benefits, and future directions of nanofertilizers for soil health and fertility
Nano-biofortification of cereal crops, addressing hidden hunger by enhancing nutritional content of staple foods
Next generation agriculture with nanopesticides and nanofungicides, demonstrating how targeted, efficient solutions can minimize environmental impact
The role of nanomaterials in modern plant disease management and potential health risks associated with nanoparticles
Ethical, safety, and regulatory considerations in nanotechnology for agriculture
Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture serves as an essential resource on the subject for students and researchers, particularly those specializing in crop science, environmental science, and biotechnology, along with agricultural scientists and researchers, food safety and quality experts, farmers and agricultural practitioners, policy makers, and industry stakeholders.
Contents
List of Contributors xix
Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
1 Overview of Nanotechnology in Food Security and Agriculture: Introduction, Current Status, and Concerns 1
Muhammad Anas, Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Aliza Falak, Afshan Farid, Muhammad Majeed, Sadia Riaz, Shah Fahad, and Umar Masood Quraishi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Nanoparticles as a Growth-Stimulating Element of Sustainable Agriculture 4
1.3 Current Status on Food and Agriculture Nanotechnology 6
1.3.1 Current Status on Food Nanotechnology 6
1.3.1.1 Food Processing 7
1.3.1.2 Food Packaging 7
1.3.2 Current Status on Agriculture Nanotechnology 8
1.4 Toxicological Fundamentals and Risk Assessment 9
1.4.1 Exposure Routes and Interactions 9
1.4.2 Nanotoxicology Mechanisms 10
1.4.3 Data Generating and Analysis 10
1.5 Frontier Topics 11
1.5.1 Perspectives on Biosynthesized and Bioinspired Nanomaterials 12
1.5.1.1 Biosynthesized Nanomaterials 12
1.5.1.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials 13
1.5.2 Regulation and Legislation 14
1.5.2.1 Recent Updates 15
1.5.2.2 Limitation and Urgent Need for Legislation 15
1.5.3 Public Awareness and Acceptance 16
1.6 Future Perspective 17
1.7 Conclusions 18
References 18
2 Integrating Nanobased Engineering Advances to Enhance Crop Yields and Optimize Food Production Systems 23
Nawab Ali, Younsuk Dong, Jalal Bayar, Muhammad Mehran Anjum, Abdul Haq, Gul Roz Khan, and Rovaid Ali
2.1 Introduction to Nanobased Engineering in Agriculture 23
2.1.1 Importance of Nanobased Engineering in Modern Agriculture 25
2.1.2 Key Concepts and Definitions 25
2.2 Nanomaterials for Enhanced Soil Health 26
2.3 Nano-Enhanced Crop Protection 28
2.3.1 Types of Nano-Enhanced Crop Protection 29
2.4 Nanotechnology in Irrigation Systems 30
2.5 Advancements in Crop Improvement 31
2.6 Integration of Nanotechnology with Precision Agriculture 33
2.7 Case Studies and Practical Applications 34
2.8 Challenges and Limitations 35
2.8.1 Scientific and Technical Challenges 35
2.8.1.1 Lack of Understanding of Nanoparticle-Plant Interactions 35
2.8.1.2 Controlled Release and Targeting Issues 35
2.8.1.3 Stability and Shelf Life of Nanoformulations 35
2.8.1.4 Variability in Efficacy Across Different Crops and Soil Types 36
2.8.2 Regulatory and Safety Challenges 36
2.8.2.1 Lack of Standardized Regulations and Guidelines 36
2.8.2.2 Inadequate Risk Assessment Protocols 36
2.8.2.3 Public Perception and Ethical Concerns 36
2.8.3 Economic and Commercialization Barriers 36
2.8.3.1 High Cost of Nanomaterial Production 36
2.8.3.2 Limited Market Availability and Adoption 36
2.8.3.3 Compatibility with Existing Farming Practices 36
2.9 Future Prospects and Research Directions 37
2.10 Conclusion 38
References 39
3 Development of Nanofertilizers for Soil Health and Fertility 43
Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Muhammad Majeed, Sudenaz Soylu, Afshan Farid, Sadia Riaz, Muhammad Anas, and Shah Fahad
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Scope and Importance of Nanofertilizers 46
3.3 New Innovations in the Development of Nanofertilizers 46
3.3.1 Design and Formulation of Nanofertilizers 47
3.3.1.1 Absorption of NPs 48
3.3.1.2 Attachment to NPs 48
3.3.1.3 Entrapment of Polymeric NPs 48
3.4 Encapsulation in Nanoparticulate 48
3.4.1 Characteristics of Nanofertilizers 49
3.4.2 Controlled Release and Targeted Delivery 50
3.5 Modes of Application 50
3.5.1 In Vitro Techniques 51
3.5.2 In Vivo Methods 51
3.6 Role of Nanofertilizers in Soil 52
3.7 On Soil Chemistry 54
3.8 Soil Microbes 55
3.9 Limitations Regarding the Use of Nanofertilizers 55
3.9.1 Pros and Cons of NFs 56
3.10 Future Perspectives 58
3.11 Conclusion 59
References 61
4 Nano-Biofortification of Cereal Crops 65
Annika Jahan Aonti, Md. Yousuf Ali, Most. Sirajum Munira, Md. Zubair Al Islam, and Akbar Hossain
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Mechanisms of Nano-Biofortification 66
4.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based Controlled and Slow Release: Nutrient Delivery Systems 66
4.2.2 Nanoencapsulation of Fertilizers 67
4.2.3 Nanomaterial-Mediated Improved Soil Interaction 67
4.2.4 Nanostructured Micronutrient Fortification 67
4.2.5 Improved Plant Stress Resistance 68
4.3 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Biofortification 68
4.3.1 Nanoparticles 68
4.3.2 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles 69
4.3.3 Nanofertilizers 69
4.3.4 Macronutrient Nanofertilizers 69
4.3.5 Nanoemulsion 70
4.4 Applications in Cereal Crops 70
4.4.1 Cereals 70
4.5 Benefits of Nano-Biofortification in Cereal Crops 72
4.5.1 Improved Nutrient Uptake and Bioavailability 72
4.5.2 Improved Crop Yield and Quality 74
4.5.3 Reduction in Fertilizer Wastage and Environmental Impact 74
4.5.4 Improved Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 74
4.5.5 Improving Overall Soil Health 75
4.5.6 Potential for Sustainable Agriculture 75
4.6 Challenges of Nano-Bioprotection in Cereal Crops 75
4.6.1 Safety Concerns and Potential Toxicity of Nano-Biofortification 75
4.6.2 Cost and Economic Feasibility 76
4.6.3 Lack of Standardized Regulations 76
4.6.4 Limited Field-Based Research 77
4.6.5 Public Perception and Acceptance 77
4.7 Studies and Field Trials 77
4.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 81
4.9 Conclusion 82
References 83
5 Role of Nanomaterials in Improving Oil Yield and Quality of Oilseeds Crops 93
Zohaib Younas, Ilyas Ahmad, Faiz Ullah, and Zia ur Rehman Mashwani
5.1 Introduction of Nanomaterials in Oilseed Crops 93
5.2 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterials 95
5.3 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Oilseed Crops 98
5.4 Impact of Oil Yield 101
5.5 Improvement of Oil Quality 101
5.6 Challenges and Limitations 102
5.7 Field Applications and Case Studies 105
5.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 106
5.9 Conclusion 106
References 107
6 Next-Generation Agriculture with Nanopesticides and Fungicides 115
Md. Parvez Kabir, Md. Taharat Al Tauhid, Md. Nasir Uddin, Nipa Rani Paul, Tahmina Iasmin, and Akbar Hossain
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Overview of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 116
6.3 Types of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides in Agricultural Applications 117
6.3.1 Nanoemulsion 118
6.3.2 Encapsulation of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 118
6.3.3 Nanocapsules 119
6.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 119
6.3.5 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 119
6.3.6 Biodegradable Nanoformulations 119
6.3.7 Hybrid Nanomaterials 120
6.4 Mechanisms of Action of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 120
6.4.1 Enhanced Penetration and Targeted Action 120
6.4.2 Controlled Release of the Active Ingredient 121
6.4.3 Physical Disruption of Pest and Pathogen Cells 121
6.4.4 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 121
6.4.5 Interference with Biological Utilization 123
6.4.6 Targeted Delivery and Selectivity 123
6.4.7 Synergism with Biological Agents 124
6.4.8 Interference of Nanostructure with Fungal Hyphae 124
6.5 Challenges and Limitations 124
6.5.1 Environmental Impact and Ecotoxicity 124
6.5.2 Regulatory Barriers 125
6.5.3 Toxicity and Safety 125
6.5.4 High Production Cost 125
6.5.5 Limited Commercial Availability 125
6.5.6 Knowledge Gaps and Limited Field Data 126
6.5.7 Nanoparticle Stability and Degradation 126
6.5.8 Consumer Perception and Acceptance 126
6.5.9 Intellectual Property and Patent Issues 126
6.6 Field Applications and Case Studies 127
6.6.1 Application of Nanopesticides in Cotton Farming 127
6.6.2 Nano-Silver as Fungicides in Tomato and Strawberry Crops 127
6.6.3 Nanoparticles for Controlling Fungal Diseases 128
6.6.4 Nanoemulsion for Rice Pest Management 128
6.7 Future Directions and Innovations 130
6.7.1 Smart and Responsive Nanoformulations 130
6.7.2 Nanobiopesticides and Biocompatible Nanoformulations 130
6.7.3 Nanosensors for Pest and Disease Diagnostics 131
6.7.4 Nanofertilizer and Pesticide Combinations 131
6.7.5 Global Market and Regulatory Scenario 131
6.7.6 Integration with Precision Agriculture 131
6.8 Conclusion 132
References 132
7 The Role of Nanomaterials in Modern Plant Disease Management 141
Sajid Hussain, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Zohaib Younas, Chudary Sadam Hussain, and Zia ur Rehman Mashwani
7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials in Plant Disease Management 141
7.2 Mechanisms of Nanomaterials in Disease Management 143
7.3 Types of Nanomaterials for Disease Control 144
7.3.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials 144
7.3.2 Biogenic Nanomaterials 145
7.3.3 Polymeric Nanomaterials 145
7.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 148
7.3.5 Nanomaterial-Based Delivery Systems 148
7.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Plant Disease Management 148
7.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics 148
7.4.2 Enhancing Plant Immunity 148
7.4.3 Nanotechnology in Disease Diagnosis 149
7.4.4 Delivery Mechanisms for Pesticides and Nutrients 149
7.4.5 Sustainable Agricultural Practices 149
7.5 Benefits of Using Nanomaterials 149
7.5.1 Enhanced Nutrient Delivery 150
7.5.2 Improvement in Crop Yield and Quality 150
7.5.3 Pest and Disease Management 151
7.5.4 Environmental Remediation and Sustainability 151
7.5.5 Innovations in Crop Engineering 151
7.5.6 Real-Time Monitoring and Precision Agriculture 151
7.6 Challenges and Limitations 151
7.6.1 Toxicity and Safety Concerns 152
7.6.2 Regulatory Hurdles and Commercialization 152
7.6.3 Variability in Efficacy 152
7.6.4 Knowledge Gaps Along the Nanomaterial Lifecycle 152
7.6.5 Economic Considerations 152
7.7 Field Applications and Case Studies 153
7.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 154
7.9 Conclusion 154
References 155
8 Revolutionizing Fruit and Vegetable Farming: Nanotechnology from Soil to Shelf 163
Muhammad Nauman Khan, Barkat Ullah, Alevcan Kaplan, Nasir Assad, Marzia Batool Laila, Tooba, Sana Wahab, Amjad Ali, Shah Fahad, and Majid Iqbal
8.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Agriculture 163
8.2 Nanotechnology for Soil Improvement 164
8.3 Precision Agriculture and Nanotechnology 168
8.4 Innovations in Pest and Disease Management 172
8.5 Enhancing Crop Yield and Quality 175
8.6 Harvesting and Postharvest Processing 178
8.7 Conclusions 183
References 184
9 Role of Nanotechnology in Increasing the Shelf Life of Fruits 195
Sanam Ashraf, Nirma Mubeen, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Muhammad Anas, and Shah Fahad
9.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 195
9.2 Mechanisms of Nanotechnology for Shelf-Life Extension 197
9.3 Nanomaterials for Food Packaging 198
9.3.1 Nanocoatings and Films 199
9.3.2 Active and Intelligent Packaging 199
9.3.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Antimicrobial Action 201
9.3.4 Nanocarriers for Antioxidants and Nutrient Retention 201
9.3.5 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Fruit Preservation 202
9.3.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Fruit Storage 203
9.3.7 Nano-Edible Coatings for Fruits 203
9.3.8 Activing Packaging Technology Preserve the Quality of Fruits 205
9.3.9 Nanosensors for Monitoring Fruits and Vegetables Quality 205
9.3.10 Case Study: Nanotechnology in the Preservation of Fruits 206
9.3.11 Nanotechnology in the Preservation of Citrus Fruits 207
9.3.12 Benefits of Nanotechnology for Fruits Shelf Life 208
9.3.13 Challenges and Limitations 209
9.3.14 Conclusion and Future Prospect 211
References 212
10 Harnessing Nanoherbicides and Insecticides for Eco-Friendly Solutions: Advancing Green Agriculture 221
Syeda Anber Zahra, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Aimen Fatima, Muhammad Anas, Tabassum Yaseen, Akhtar Munir, Tariq Mahmood, and Shah Fahad
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Nanoherbicides and Insecticides for Eco-Friendly Solutions: Advancing Green Agriculture 223
10.3 Principles of Nanoherbicides and Nanoinsecticides 226
10.3.1 Nanoemulsion 226
10.3.2 Nanoencapsulation 227
10.3.3 Nanoparticles 229
10.3.4 Nanogels 230
10.3.5 Electrospun Nanofibers 230
10.3.6 Silica 231
10.4 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Nanoherbicides and Nanopesticides 231
10.4.1 Nanoemulsions 231
10.4.2 Nanoparticles 231
10.4.3 Nanogels and Nanofibers 232
10.4.4 Nanocarriers 232
10.5 Benefits of Nanoherbicides and Insecticides 232
10.6 Challenges to Nanoherbicides and Insecticides 234
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 235
References 236
11 Development and Application of Nano-Biosensors for Better Stress Management in Crops 245
Ilyas Ahmad, Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani, Zohaib Younas, Tayyaba Yousaf, Nazia, Ayesha Unzila, Zuha Fatima, and Waqar Ahmad
11.1Introduction 245
11.2 Stress Management for Sustainable Agriculture 246
11.3 Abiotic Stress 248
11.3.1 Drought Stress 248
11.3.2 Salinity Stress 249
11.3.3 Extreme Temperature 250
11.4 Biotic Stress 250
11.4.1 Fungal Stress 250
11.4.2 Pest Attack 250
11.5 Impact of Stress on Plants 251
11.5.1 Effect on Quality 251
11.5.2 Effect on Growth 251
11.5.3 Effect on Yield 251
11.6 Methods for Sensing Pathogenic Fragment/Stress in Plants 252
11.7 Classification of Nano-Biosensors 252
11.7.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 252
11.7.2 Piezoelectric Nanosensors 253
11.7.3 Chemi-Resistive Sensors 254
11.7.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanosensors 254
11.7.5 Fiber-Optic Biosensors (FOBS) in Plant Nanobionics 255
11.8 Application of Nanosensor in Plants 256
11.9 Role of Nano-biosensors in Plant Stress Detection 259
11.9.1 Nano-biosensors 259
11.9.2 Principles of Working 259
11.9.3 Mechanism of Nano-Biosensors 261
11.10 Detection of Physiological Responses 262
11.10.1 Molecular Oxygen Detection 262
11.10.2 Adenosine Triphosphate Detection 263
11.10.3 Calcium(Ca 2+) Ions Detection 263
11.10.4 ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Detection 263
11.10.5 Plant Hormones Detection 264
11.11 Plant Pathogen Detection (Biotic Stress) 264
11.11.1 Plant Disease Detection Caused by Abiotic Stress 266
11.11.2 Nano-Biosensors in Drought Stress 266
11.11.3 Nano-Biosensors in Extreme Temperature Stress 266
11.11.4 Nano-Biosensors in Salinity Stress 267
11.11.5 Nano-Biosensors in Heavy Metal Stress 267
11.11.6 Nano-Biosensors in Detecting Contaminants 267
11.11.7 Early Stress Detection 268
11.12 Conclusion 269
11.13 Summary 270
References 270
12 Nano-Based Applications for Veterinary and Dairy Production 293
Saba Fatima, Asghar Khan, Arfan Yousaf, Sadaf Anees, Asma Ayoob, and Ramzan Khan
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine 294
12.2.1 Diagnosis 295
12.2.2 Prevention 296
12.2.3 Treatment 297
12.3 Therapeutics and Drug Delivery 299
12.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 299
12.3.2 Bioavailability 300
12.3.3 Controlled and Sustained Release Systems 301
12.3.4 Toxicity 302
12.3.5 Theragnostic 302
12.3.6 Cross-Biological Barriers 303
12.3.7 Shelf Life of Therapeutic Agents 304
12.3.8 Antimicrobial Activity 304
12.3.9 Anti-inflammatory Agent 305
12.4 Nanotechnology in Parasitology 306
12.5 Nanotechnology in Dairy Production 307
12.6 Benefits of Nano-Based Applications 309
12.6.1 Food Industry 309
12.6.2 Agricultural Advancements 310
12.6.3 Environmental Protection 311
12.6.4 Medicine 311
12.7 Case Studies and Real-World Applications 312
12.7.1 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Green Silver Nanoparticles in Diabetic Rats 312
12.7.2 Nanoparticles for Treatment of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis 312
12.7.3 Silver Nanoparticles for Treatment of Canine Distemper 313
12.7.4 Photothermal Therapy Using Gold Nanorods for Treatment of Mammary Gland Tumor in a Cat 314
12.7.5 Nanovaccine for Cystic Echinococcosis in Dogs 314
12.7.6 LTAC Nanoparticles for Treating Feline Herpesvirus-1 Infections 315
12.7.7 Reproductive Performance of Goats Treated with Nanoconjugated Gonadorelin 315
12.7.8 Biological Curcumin Nanoparticles for Growth and Health Improvement in Japanese Quails 316
12.7.9 Elemental Nano-Selenium for Feed Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation in Sheep 316
12.7.10 Nanoselenium Supplementation for Lactating Dairy Cows 317
12.8 Challenges and Considerations 317
12.9 Conclusion 318
References 319
13 Role of Nanotechnology for Better Food Preservation 329
Muhammad Nauman Khan, Barkat Ullah, Nasir Assad, Marzia Batool Laila, Tooba, Sana Wahab, Alevcan Kaplan, Amjad Ali, Shah Fahad, and Syed Mukaram Shah
13.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 329
13.2 Principles of Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 330
13.3 Nanocoatings for Food Preservation 333
13.4 Nanoencapsulation Techniques 335
13.5 Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 336
13.6 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 340
13.7 Nanosensors for Food Quality Monitoring 342
13.8 Environmental and Safety Considerations 343
13.9 Challenges and Limitations 346
13.10 Conclusion and Recommendations 348
References 349
14 Nanoencapsulation Approaches in Food Processing and Packaging 357
Sharjeel Haider, Nosheen Mirza, Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq, Khadija Bibi, Venuste Munyaneza, Ayaz Ali, Iftikhar Ali Ahmed, Muhammad Mehran, Sidra Sohail, Asma Zafar, Dua e Zainab, and Sara Rauf
14.1 Introduction to Nanoencapsulation 357
14.2 Principles of Nanoencapsulation 358
14.2.1 Size and Surface Properties of Nanocarriers 358
14.2.2 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability 359
14.2.3 Release Mechanism 360
14.2.4 Types of Nanocarriers 360
14.2.5 Targeted Delivery 361
14.3 Methods of Nanoencapsulation 361
14.3.1 Solvent Evaporation Method 361
14.3.2 Nanoprecipitation (Solvent-Displacement Method) 362
14.3.3 Electrospinning Method 363
14.3.4 High-Pressure Homogenization 364
14.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Technology (SCF) 364
14.4 Application of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing: Nutrient Delivery, Flavor, and Aroma Retention 365
14.4.1 Nutrient Delivery and Bioavailability Enhancement 365
14.4.2 Flavor and Aroma Retention 366
14.5 Application of Nanoencapsulation in Food Packaging 367
14.5.1 Active Packaging System 367
14.5.2 Antimicrobial Packaging and Its Substances 367
14.5.3 Antioxidant Packaging 368
14.5.4 Intelligent Packaging System 369
14.5.5 Time-Temperature Indicators (TTIs) 369
14.5.6 Freshness Indicators 371
14.5.7 Biosensors and Gas Sensors 371
14.5.8 Improvement of Mechanical and Barrier Properties 372
14.5.9 Edible Nanocoatings 372
14.6 Benefits of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing and Packaging 372
14.6.1 Enhanced Bioavailability and Nutrient Absorption 373
14.6.2 Keeping Our Food Safe - Nanomaterials Style 373
14.6.3 Extension of Shelf Life and Food Safety 373
14.6.4 Development of Functional and Smart Foods 373
14.7 Challenges and Limitations of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing and Packaging 374
14.7.1 Safety Concerns and Toxicity 374
14.7.2 High Production Costs 374
14.7.3 Stability and Storage Issues 375
14.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 375
References 376
15 Potential Health Risks Associated with Nanoparticles 385
Zakir Ullah, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Shumaila Ijaz, Rooma Waqar, Akhtar Munir, Muhammad Nasir Hussain, Tariq Mahmood, Shah Fahad, and Naila Ijaz
15.1 Introduction 385
15.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 386
15.2.1 Classification 387
15.2.1.1 Metal Nanomaterials 387
15.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 387
15.2.3 Bimetallic Nanomaterials 387
15.2.4 Composite Nanomaterials 387
15.2.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 387
15.2.6 Zeolite and Silica-Based Nanomaterials 388
15.2.7 Ceramic Nanomaterials 388
15.3 Synthesis of NPs 388
15.3.1 Functionalization of Nanomaterials 388
15.3.2 Characterization of NPs 390
15.3.2.1 Spectroscopic Techniques 391
15.3.2.2 Size and Surface Area Analysis 391
15.3.2.3 Optical and Molecular Characterization 391
15.4 Properties 392
15.4.1 Electronic Properties 392
15.4.2 Optical Properties 392
15.4.3 Magnetic Properties 392
15.4.4 Mechanical Properties 392
15.4.5 Thermal Properties 392
15.4.6 Applications of NPs 393
15.4.6.1 Applications in Drugs and Medications 393
15.5 Toxicity of NP 395
15.5.1 Mechanisms of Toxicity 399
15.5.2 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Respiratory System 401
15.5.3 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Nervous System 402
15.5.4 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Endocrine System 403
15.5.5 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Immune System 404
15.5.6 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Reproductive System 405
15.6 Specific Health Risks Associated with Different Types of NPs 406
15.6.1 Carcinogenicity of NPs 406
15.7 Occupational Health Risks 408
15.8 Environmental Impact and Indirect Health Risks 408
15.9 Conclusion 410
References 411
16 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Nanoagricultural Technologies 419
Amir Abdullah Khan, Qamar Abbas, Rasheed Akbar, and Muhammad Ramzan
16.1 Nanoagricultural Technologies 419
16.2 Economic Costs of Nanoagricultural Technologies 421
16.3 Potential Benefits of Nanoagricultural Technologies 423
16.4 Social Impacts of Nanotechnological Technologies 423
16.4.1 Economic Implications 424
16.4.2 Workforce Transformations 424
16.4.3 Social Equity 424
16.4.4 Public Perception and Acceptance 424
16.4.5 Risk Governance and Regulations 424
16.5 Health Impacts of Nanotechnology 425
16.5.1 Toxicity 425
16.5.2 Exposure Pathways 425
16.5.3 Target Organs and Systems 425
16.5.4 Risk Assessment and Management 426
16.5.5 Nanomedicines and Targeted Therapies 426
16.6 Conclusion 426
16.7 Future Recommendations 427
References 427
17 Ethical Safety and Regulatory Considerations in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 433
Sameel Hassan, Nizakat Bibi, Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Amjid Khan, Sadia Riaz, Muhammad Anas, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Nasir Hussain, and Shah Fahad
17.1 Introduction 433
17.2 Ethical Concerns in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 435
17.2.1 Potential Risks to Human Health and the Environment 435
17.2.2 Equity and Accessibility in Agricultural Advancements 436
17.2.3 Long-Term Sustainability and Impact on Small-Scale Farmers 437
17.3 Safety Considerations in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 438
17.3.1 Health Risks for Workers and Consumers 438
17.3.2 Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials Used in Agriculture 439
17.3.3 Strategies to Mitigate Risks 440
17.3.4 Risk Assessment and Regulation 440
17.3.5 Worker Safety and Protective Measures 441
17.3.6 Consumer Protection and Labeling 441
17.3.7 Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup 441
17.3.8 Research and Public Awareness 442
17.4 Regulatory Landscape in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 442
17.4.1 Existing Regulations on Nanotechnology in Agriculture 442
17.4.2 Gaps and Challenges in Current Regulatory Frameworks 444
17.4.3 The Role of International Cooperation in Shaping Regulations 445
17.5 Public Perception and Trust in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 446
17.5.1 Role of Public Awareness and Education 447
17.5.2 Importance of Transparency in Research and Development 447
17.5.3 Balancing Innovation with Caution 448
17.6 Future Directions in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 449
17.6.1 Advancements in Regulatory Frameworks 449
17.6.2 Ethical Guidelines for Future Nanotechnology Applications 450
17.6.3 Collaboration Between Scientists, Policymakers, and the Public 450
17.7 Conclusion 451
References 452
Index 461
