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Introduction to all types of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), with coverage of fundamentals, applications, and the latest industry technologies
Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, from hybrid-electric, hybrid-hydraulic, and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles to fuel-cell vehicles and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. The book focuses on the propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system architecture (including plug-in, charging control, and hydraulic), safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues.
This Third Edition has been updated to address the latest industry trends and technologies impacting HEVs, such as more detailed discussions on planetary gear, synchronous reluctance motors, fast-charging methods for batteries, and matters pertaining to cybersecurity in vehicles. The latest HEV industry data and examples highlighting automakers' current HEV models are featured throughout the book.
Topics discussed in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives include:
Specific state-of-the-art HEVs including the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic, and the Ford Escape, with additional coverage of two-mode hybrid vehicles
HEV fundamentals, covering performance, powertrain component sizing, gradability requirements, and selection of gear ratios
Cold start emissions reduction and cold/hot weather performance enhancement
Electric and hybrid ships, aircraft, and locomotives, with discussion on industrial utilization of other types of vehicles
Military applications of HEVs, covering ruggedness issues, dismounted soldier applications, and electromagnetic launchers
Fast charging of batteries in electrified vehicles
Cybersecurity issues in electrified vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives is an essential up-to-date reference on the subject for engineers working in the automotive industry, including at automakers, vehicle OEMs, and component suppliers, as well as students and instructors in upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses related to HEVs and electric propulsion.
Contents
About the Authors xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xix
Preface to the Third Edition xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 9
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 16
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 25
1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 26
1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China's Surge in EV Sales 28
References 29
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31
2.1 Vehicle Basics 31
2.2 Basics of the EV 35
2.3 Basics of the HEV 38
2.4 Basics of PHEV 40
2.5 Basics of FCVs 41
Reference 42
3 HEVFundamentals 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Vehicle Model 44
3.3 Vehicle Performance 46
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 49
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 52
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 57
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65
References 67
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 74
4.3 GM Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 77
4.4 Dual-clutch Hybrid Transmissions 84
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 91
4.7 Timken Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 92
4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 95
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 97
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-four-wheel Drive 98
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 100
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 100
4.13 Nonideal Gears in the Planetary System 102
4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 103
4.15 Conclusions 104
References 104
5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107
5.2 PHEV Architectures 110
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 111
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 117
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 117
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 118
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 118
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 121
5.11 Vehicle-to-grid Technology 124
5.12 Conclusion 135
References 135
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 137
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 137
6.2 Off-road HEVs 141
6.3 Diesel HEVs 155
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 156
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 166
References 166
Further Readings 167
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 169
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 169
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 170
7.3 Nonground-vehicle Military Applications 174
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 178
References 180
Further Readings 180
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 181
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 181
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 187
8.3 EMC Issues 198
8.4 NVH, Electromechanical, and Other Issues 200
8.5 End-of-life Issues 202
References 203
Further Readings 204
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 205
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 206
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 208
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 215
9.5 Nonisolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 216
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 222
9.7 Current Source Inverter 222
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 224
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 234
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 235
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 243
9.12 Emerging Power Electronic Devices 245
9.13 Circuit Packaging 245
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 246
9.15 Conclusions 248
References 248
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 251
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 251
10.3 PM Motor Drives 277
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 296
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 299
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 302
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 304
10.8 Conclusions 310
References 310
11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 321
11.1 Introduction 321
11.2 Characterization of Batteries 322
11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 341
11.4 Ultracapacitors 342
11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 343
11.6 Flywheel ESS 347
11.7 Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 349
11.8 Summary and Discussion 353
References 354
Further Reading 354
12 Battery Modeling 357
12.1 Introduction 357
12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 357
12.3 Modeling of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 359
12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 360
12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 362
12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 366
References 368
Further Readings 368
13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 371
13.1 Introduction 371
13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 373
13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 378
13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 381
13.5 Design Procedures 386
13.6 Experimental Results 388
13.7 Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles 392
13.8 Conclusions 395
References 395
14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 399
14.1 Introduction 399
14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 400
14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 402
14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 405
14.5 Physics-based Modeling 406
14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 413
14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 416
14.8 Conclusion 417
References 417
15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 421
15.1 Introduction 421
15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 422
15.3 Model-in-the-loop Design Optimization Process 433
15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 434
15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 439
15.6 Conclusion 445
References 446
16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 449
16.1 Introduction 449
16.2 Fundamental Theory 451
16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 456
16.4 Compensation Network 460
16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 462
16.6 Methods of Study 463
16.7 Additional Discussion 465
16.8 A Double-sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 468
16.9 An LCLC-based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 489
16.10 Summary 496
References 496
17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 505
17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 505
17.2 Methodology to Implement 507
17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 519
References 519
Further Reading 520
18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 521
18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 521
18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 521
18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 522
18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 523
18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off-road Applications 524
18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 524
Further Readings 525
19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 527
19.1 Vehicle Electrification - What Does it Involve? 527
19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 527
19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 529
19.4 Latest Technologies and Their Impact on Vehicular Electrification 529
19.5 A More Complete Picture Toward Vehicle Electrification 531
19.6 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 534
Further Readings 535
Index 537
