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Sustainable Materials for Fuel Cell Technologies offers a comprehensive look at the advancements, challenges, and future of sustainable materials in fuel cell technology, making it essential for anyone interested in the drive towards a cleaner energy future.
The development of fuel cell technologies is driven by the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. The applications of fuel cells span a wide range of sectors, including transportation, stationary power generation, and portable electronics. The development of sustainable materials for fuel cells is crucial for overcoming the challenges that hinder the widespread adoption of this technology. These challenges include cost, durability, efficiency, and the use of precious metals in catalysts. Researchers and industries are actively working to address these challenges by developing new materials, improving manufacturing processes, and exploring innovative approaches such as using abundant and low-cost materials as catalysts. Overall, the field of sustainable materials for fuel cells is an exciting and rapidly evolving area of research and development. This book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disciplinary and industry aspects of fuel cell technologies, highlighting the advancements, challenges, and future prospects of sustainable materials that are vital for driving the transition towards a more sustainable and clean energy future.
Contents
Preface xxi
1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Technologies 1
Ouahid El Asri, Fatima Safa, Ikram Yousfi and Meryem Rouegui
List of Abbreviations 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 What is a Fuel Cell? 3
1.3 Historical Data on Fuel Cells 6
1.4 Why are Fuel Cells on the Trend? 8
1.5 Areas of Application of Fuel Cells 9
1.6 Conclusion 17
References 17
2 Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Synthesis and Performance 25
Yuliya Dzyazko, Anatolii Omel'chuk and V'yacheslav Barsukov
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Proton Conducting Membranes 27
2.3 Embedding Inorganic Particles into Commercial Ion Exchange Polymers 38
2.4 Membranes Modified with Different Inorganic Compounds 47
2.5 Conclusions 67
References 68
3 Emerging Trends and Innovations in Fuel Cell Research: Materials and Beyond 81
Lutfu S. Sua and Figen Balo
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Fuel Cells 85
3.3 Fuel Cells' Current Status and Technical Challenges 87
3.4 Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis 93
3.5 Conclusions 94
References 98
4 Catalyst Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Design and Applications 107
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Polymers Used as Proton Exchange Membrane 109
4.3 Catalysts to Proton Exchange Membrane 110
4.4 Conclusions 111
References 112
5 Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Scale-Up: Advancements and Economic Considerations 117
P. Karthikeyan, R. Muthudineshkumar and C. Jayabalan
5.1 Introduction 118
5.2 Evolution of Cost-Effective Manufacturing 120
5.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 123
5.4 Automation and Green Technologies: Catalysts for Scaling Up Manufacturing Industries 125
5.5 Embracing Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Technological Advancements: A Paradigm for Sustainable Growth 127
5.6 Conclusion 129
References 129
6 Organic Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Structure and Transport Properties 131
Nuha Awang, Azyyati Johari, Mohd Al-Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, Aliff Radzuan Mohamad Radzi, Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin, Hazlina Junoh, Nurasyikin Misdan, Norazlianie Sazali, Siti Munira Jamil, Muhammad Izuan Nasib and Nur Hashimah Alias
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Chemical Composition in Controlling PEM Performance 135
6.3 PEM Transport Mechanisms 137
6.4 Advances in Organic Synthesis 146
6.5 Challenges in Maintaining PEM Chemical and Mechanical Stability 153
6.6 Future Directions and Challenges 156
6.7 Conclusion 156
Acknowledgement 157
References 157
7 Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Enhancing Stability and Performance 163
Ahmad Fuzamy Mohd Abdul Fatah, Noorashrina A. Hamid and Teh Ubaidah Noh
7.1 Introduction 164
7.2 Fundamental Principles 164
7.3 Materials Selection 166
7.4 LSCF Cathode Enhancement in SOFCs with Metal Oxides 168
7.5 Enhancing Material Stability 169
7.6 Enhancing Performance 170
7.7 Characterization Techniques 172
7.8 Future Prospect 190
Conclusion 190
References 191
8 Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells: Harnessing Bio Electrochemical Systems 203
Parameswari R., Madhan Kumar P., Azhagu Pavithra S., Yogesh T., Janani Iswarya, Ganesamoorthy R. and Babujanarthanam R.
8.1 Introduction About MFC 204
8.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and their Design Development 204
8.3 Major Components of MFC 206
8.4 Classification and Role of Anode Material in MFC 210
8.5 Classification and Role of Cathode Material in MFC 215
8.6 Classification of Membrane and its Importance in MFC Membrane 227
8.7 Role of Nanomaterials as MFC Membranes 229
8.8 Nanomaterials' Role in Microbial Cells 233
8.9 Role of Synthetic Biology in Microbial Fuel Cells 236
8.10 Role of Microorganisms in Microbiome Fuel Cells 239
8.11 Disadvantages in MFCs and its Various Applications 242
8.12 Future Outlook 243
8.13 Conclusion 245
Acknowledgments 246
References 246
9 Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics in Fuel Cells 259
Nishithendu Bikash Nandi, Nishan Das, Manas Roy, Susanta Ghanta and Tarun Kumar Misra
9.1 Introduction 260
9.2 Working Principle of FCs 261
9.3 Different Types of FCs 262
9.4 Thermodynamics of FCs 266
9.5 Electrochemistry of the FCs 270
9.6 FC Electrodes 275
9.7 Conclusions 276
References 277
10 Materials for Enzymatic Fuel Cells: Enabling Renewable Energy Conversion 279
Aparna Ray Sarkar, Dwaipayan Sen and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
10.1 Introduction 280
10.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism in EFC 280
10.3 Glucose Biofuel Cell (GFCs) Working Principle 281
10.4 Enzyme Immobilization Processes in EFC 282
10.5 Bioelectrode Stability with EFC 284
10.6 Enzymes for EFC 284
10.7 Opportunities with EFC: An Insight on Characteristic Material Based Application 292
10.8 Conclusion 294
References 294
11 Future Outlook and Opportunities in Sustainable Fuel Cell Technologies: Pathways to a Clean Energy Future 299
A. Santhoshkumar, Vinoth Thangarasu, Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, A. Gnana Sagaya Raj, K. Manoj Prabhakar and Muthu Dinesh Kumar Ramaswamy
11.1 Introduction 300
11.2 Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications 301
11.3 Fundamental Parts and Operation of Fuel Cells 302
11.4 Certain Design Challenges Related to PEMFC Systems 303
11.5 Fuel Cells in Transportation: Sector Applications 304
11.6 Design Structure of Electric Vehicles Using Fuel Cells 305
11.7 FCEV Components 305
11.8 Demonstrations of FCEVs in Transportation Sector 306
11.9 Fuel Cell Applications in the Stationary Sector 306
11.10 Conclusions 307
References 308
12 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques in Fuel Cell Materials (Deep Eutectic Solvent): Advances and Applications 311
Masooma Siddiqui and Maroof Ali
12.1 Introduction 312
12.2 Methodology 315
12.3 Characterization Techniques 320
12.4 Results and Discussion 322
12.5 Applications in Fuel Cell Technology 327
12.6 Environmental Stewardship 334
12.7 Conclusion 336
References 337
13 Materials for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs): Advancements in Catalysts and Membranes 349
Amna Shafique, Ramsha Saleem, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan and Muhammad Summer
13.1 Introduction 350
13.2 General Design and Operation of the Fuel Cell 354
13.3 Components of DMFC 355
Conclusion 371
Acknowledgement 371
References 371
14 Advances in Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Characterizing Materials and Systems 379
Ramsha Saleem, Mehwish Khalid, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat, Shahzad Rasheed and Muhammad Summer
14.1 Introduction 380
14.2 Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Methods 381
14.3 Conclusion 390
Acknowledgement 390
References 390
15 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs): Materials and Electrolyte Technologies 395
Syeda Satwat Batool, Ramsha Saleem, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat and Shehzad Rasheed
15.1 Introduction 396
15.2 General Cell Design Issues 396
15.3 Fundamentals of PAFCs 400
15.4 Components of PAFCs 402
15.5 Summary 412
Acknowledgement 412
References 412
16 Electrode Materials and Interfaces: Enhancing Efficiency and Durability 421
Gayatri Dash and Ela Rout
16.1 Introduction 422
16.2 Synthesis Process for Cathode Materials 424
16.3 Perovskite- Structure Cathode Materials for SOFC 427
16.4 Properties of Cathode Materials 438
16.5 Summary 441
Bibliography 441
17 Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs): Electrolysis and Hydrogen Production 451
Cezar Comanescu
17.1 Introduction 452
17.2 Fundamentals of SOECs 453
17.3 Materials for SOEC Components, Interface Engineering and Compatibility 456
17.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities 468
References 475
18 Durability and Stability of Fuel Cell Materials Addressing: Degradation Mechanisms 481
Nadia Akram, Rafia Kanwal, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Saeed and Muhammad Ibrahim
18.1 Introduction 482
18.2 Types of Fuel Cell 483
18.3 Effect of Durability and Stability in Fuel Cell 487
18.4 Degradation Mechanisms in Fuel Cells 487
18.5 Characterization Techniques for Assessing Materials Degradation 493
18.6 Strategies for Enhancing Materials Durability 495
18.7 Future Prospective and Challenges 497
18.8 Conclusion 497
References 498
19 Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs): Ionic Conductors for Next-Generation Fuel Cells 505
G. G. Flores-Rojas, B. Gómez-Lázaro, F. López-Saucedo, M. Rentería-Urquiza, R. Vera-Graziano, E. Bucio and E. Mendizábal
19.1 Introduction 506
19.2 Structure of Oxides as PCFC Materials 508
19.3 Proton Absorption Mechanisms 513
19.4 Proton Conduction Mechanisms 515
19.5 Factors Affecting Proton Absorption and Conduction 516
19.6 Electrolyte 518
19.7 Cathode 520
19.8 Anode 523
19.9 PCFC Synthesis Methods 526
19.10 Conclusion 527
Acknowledgment 528
References 528
20 Performance Evaluation and Testing of Fuel Cell Materials: Methods and Analysis 551
Hafiz Muhammad Muazzam, Urooj Fatima, Haq Nawaz Bhatti and Amina Khan
20.1 Introduction 552
20.2 Objectives 552
20.3 Importance of FC Materials 553
20.4 Fuel Cell Types 554
20.5 Performance Metrics in Fuel Cells 556
20.6 Evaluation Criteria 557
20.7 Efficiency 557
20.8 Testing Methods 558
20.9 Fault Diagnosis 561
20.10 Materials Techniques for Improved Durability and Efficiency 561
20.11 Future Trends and Developments 562
Conclusion 562
References 563
21 AI and Smart Technologies for Renewable Energy and Green Fuel 567
Tina J Jat and Tapasi Ghosh
21.1 Introduction 568
21.2 Fuel Cell and AI Applications 572
21.3 Bioenergy 574
21.4 Conclusions 577
Acknowledgement 577
References 577
Index 581
