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A multi-faceted analysis of how to preserve the long-term health of the world's largest ecosystem
In Coastal and Marine Pollution: Source to Sink, Mitigation and Management, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive overview of the factors and stakeholders impacting — and impacted by — coastal and marine pollution. The book offers broad and up-to-date coverage of the topic, serving as a valuable reference for professionals and researchers working in the field.
The authors integrate and compare the two main sources of marine and coastal pollution: chronic, long-term, low-level pollution as well as occasional, accidental, disaster-related pollution. They bridge the gap between theory and real-world action, offering best practices for monitoring and preventing pollution, as well as efficient governance and disaster management strategies.
Readers will find:
A thorough overview of the global state of coastal and marine pollution
Comprehensive explorations of different types of pollution, including their sources, distribution, and impacts on the biophysical environment
Practical discussions of pollution monitoring methods, including ecotoxicological approaches and proven strategies for managing coastal and marine pollution
A critical assessment of policy and governance issues, including public awareness and disaster response strategies
Perfect for researchers and professionals in the fields of marine biology, ecology, and environmental protection, Coastal and Marine Pollution will also benefit professionals working in the shipping, fishing, deep-sea mining and drilling industries, as well as those affiliated with governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Contents
Notes on Editors xix
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgment xxix
1 Overview of Coastal and Marine Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Challenges 1
Gohagodage Nirmal Tharanga Jayalath and Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 2
1.3 Sources of Coastal and Marine Pollution 3
1.4 Impacts of Coastal and Marine Pollution 11
1.5 Challenges in Coastal and Marine Pollution 15
1.6 Summary 19
References 19
2 Pollution from Land-Based Sources: Industrial and Urban Runoff 27
Mihiri Indunil Gunasekara, Ishani Mahawaththa, Dilani Madhubhashini, and Kaushani Amarasena
2.1 Organic Marine and Coastal Pollutants 27
2.2 Inorganic Marine and Coastal Pollutants 28
2.3 Newer Forms of Marine and Coastal Pollutants 29
2.4 Climate Change and Marine and Coastal Pollution 30
2.5 Pollutant Transport from Land-Based Sources 31
2.6 Sources of Marine Pollution 35
2.7 Effects Related to Marine Pollution 37
References 39
3 Marine Pollution Issues Relating to Shipping, Ports, and Use of Marine Coatings 45
Christopher W. Haley and R. John Morrison
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Marine Pollution from Shipping 47
3.3 Pollution from Ship Wastes 52
3.4 Sewage 56
3.5 Ship Collisions and Pollution 57
3.6 Ports 58
3.7 Marine Coatings 61
3.8 Conclusions 62
References 63
4 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Methods 67
Savinda Arambawatta Lekamge, Ishani Mahawaththa, and S.D.N.A.M.A.M. Weerasinghe
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Global Status of Offshore Oil and Gas Explorations 68
4.3 Processes/Methods Involved in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations 70
4.4 Environmental Impacts 76
4.5 Mitigation Methods 81
4.6 Conclusions 83
References 83
5 Coastal and Marine Pollution from Agricultural Activities: Fertilizers and Pesticides 89
Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, and Nalika R. Dayananda
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Current Status and Trends in Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides in Agriculture 90
5.3 Pesticide Distribution in Coastal and Marine Environment 90
5.4 Pesticide Entering Pathways to Coastal and Marine Environment 91
5.5 Fertilizer Use and Losses from Agricultural Land to Coastal and Marine Environment 92
5.6 Impact on the Coastal and Marine Environment of Agrochemicals 93
5.7 Impacts of Agrarian-Based Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides on Marine and Coastal Life and Human Health 95
5.8 Impact on the Blue Economy 98
5.9 Innovative Solutions to Control and Prevent Coastal and Marine Pollution from Agricultural Activities 101
5.10 Innovative Solutions and Future Challenges 104
References 105
6 Ocean Warming, Acidification, Plastic Pollution, and Water Quality Deterioration: A Multifaceted Crisis Unveiled 111
Nalika R. Dayananda, Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, W.P.R.T. Perera, and J.A. Liyanage
6.1 Ocean Warming: Impact on Global Ocean System and Cryosphere 111
6.2 Water Quality Deterioration in Oceans 116
6.3 Ocean Acidification 120
6.4 Plastic Pollution 125
6.5 Cross-Disciplinary Solutions for Interconnected Nature of Ocean Warming Acidification, Plastic Pollution, and Water Quality Deterioration 131
6.6 Conclusion 132
References 132
7 Heavy Metal Pollution and Historical Legacies in Coastal-Marine Environment 139
Chamila Jinendra Nanayakkara, Nimila Dushyantha, Pubudi Dilshara, Nadeera Batapola, Nalin Ratnayake, Ranjith Premasiri, and Bandara Abeysinghe
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Evolution of Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 140
7.3 Case Studies on Historical Legacies of Heavy Metal Contamination in Coastal and Marine Environments 142
7.4 Heavy Metals and Their Essentiality in the Environment 146
7.5 Prevention and Management of Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 151
7.6 Conclusion 154
7.7 Future Directives 155
Acknowledgment 155
References 155
8 Marine Pollution due to Mariculture and Fishing Operations in Sri Lanka: Impacts and Mitigation Strategies 163
Menuka Udugama, Lahiru Udayanga, Suchima Gonapinuwala, and Dileepa de Croos
8.1 Mariculture in Sri Lanka 163
8.2 Marine Pollution by Aquaculture and Fisheries Practices and Impacts 165
8.3 Nutrient Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 165
8.4 Oil Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 168
8.5 Chemical Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 169
8.6 Plastic Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 170
8.7 Policy Framework Governing the Mariculture Sector in Sri Lanka 173
8.8 Potential Mitigation Measures, Approaches and Way Forward 174
References 176
9 Marine Macro-litter: Sources, Abundance, Impacts, and Solutions 183
Minh-Ky Nguyen
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Sources, Fate, and Transport of Marine Macro-litter 184
9.3 Abundance and Distribution of Marine Macro-litter 185
9.4 Impacts of Marine Macro-litter 187
9.5 Solution Approaches Toward Sustainable Marine Ecosystem 190
9.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 191
References 191
10 Nuclear and Radioactive Marine Pollution and Monitoring of Radioactivity in Oceans 197
R.M.N. Priyanga Rathnayake and Dulanjalee Rajapaksha
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Sources of Radioactivity in Marine Ecosystems 197
10.3 Important Radionuclides to the Marine Ecosystems, Their Chemistry, and Behaviors 205
10.4 Impact of Radioactive and Nuclear Pollution on Marine Ecosystem 206
10.5 Monitoring of Radioactivity in Oceans and Marine-Originated Products 209
10.6 Preventive Measures on Radioactive and Nuclear Marine Pollution 211
References 213
11 GIS-Based Gray Water Footprint (GWF) Assessment of Coastal and Marine Pollution: A Minimization Approach 217
Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu, Abdullah Iżzeddin Karabulut, and Mehmet Iṙfan Yeşilnacar
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 Gray Water Footprint of Coastal and Marine Pollution 218
11.3 Integration of GIS and GWF Methods 218
11.4 GIS Solutions for Marine and Coastal Pollution Management 219
11.5 3D Analyst 220
11.6 Conclusions 222
References 222
12 Underestimated Threats: Personal Care Products (PCPs) in Marine and Coastal Environments 225
Madhuni Madhushika Wijesooriya, Meththika Vithanage, and Hasintha Wijesekara
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Sources and Environmental Fate of PCPs in Marine and Coastal Environments 227
12.3 Active Ingredients of Concern in PCPs 230
12.4 Consequences to Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 231
12.5 Risks to Humans via Seafood Consumption 237
12.6 Prevention and Mitigation Strategies 237
12.7 Conclusions and Future Remarks 239
References 239
13 Monitoring and Assessment of Coastal and Marine Pollution: Methods and Technologies 249
G.K.M.R. Peter, S.M. Dassanayake, C.L. Jayawardena, and I. Mahakalanda
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 Bibliographic Review 251
13.3 Remote Sensing in Coastal and Marine Pollution Monitoring 254
13.4 Marine Pollution Assessment 261
13.5 Discussion 265
13.6 Concluding Remarks 266
References 266
14 Toxicological Techniques for Coastal and Marine Pollution Monitoring 269
Siddihalu Lakshitha Madunil and Jithya Wijesinghe
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 Toxicity Testing 271
14.3 Endpoints and Biomarkers 272
14.4 Sediment Toxicity Tests 273
14.5 Impacts of Pollution on Different Marine Species 274
14.6 Biomonitors and Bioindicators 274
14.7 Bioassays 277
14.8 Biomarker Analysis 280
14.9 Biosensors 284
14.10 Chemical Analysis 286
14.11 Histopathology 288
14.12 Ecotoxicological Surveys 289
14.13 Toxicogenomics 290
14.14 Integrated Monitoring Techniques 290
14.15 Conclusion 291
References 292
15 Marine Sediment Remediation Through Tiered Risk Assessment Approach 305
Divya Pal and Jonas Gunnarsson
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Sediment Remediation Techniques 307
15.3 Risk Assessment-Based Strategy 311
15.4 Conclusions 315
Acknowledgment 316
References 316
16 Biochar Application for Mitigation of Coastal and Marine Pollution: An Experimental Modeling 321
Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu
16.1 Introduction 321
16.2 Materials and Methods 322
16.3 Results and Discussion 324
16.4 Conclusion 326
References 326
17 Coastal and Marine Plastic Pollution Monitoring and Control Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies 329
Iddamalgoda Jayawardenage Judi Udari Nisansala Perera, Ranepura Dewage Charuka Sandaruwan, and Bellanthudawage Kushan Aravinda Bellanthudawa
17.1 Introduction 329
17.2 Challenges of In Situ Visual Monitoring of Plastic Litter in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 330
17.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Approaches for Monitoring Marine and Coastal Environments 330
17.4 Methods for Mapping Marine Plastic Litter from Remote Sensing Data: Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) Using Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) 335
17.5 Challenges Using RS/AI Technologies to Detect Marine Plastics 340
17.6 Conclusion 341
References 342
18 Policy and Governance Approaches for Coastal and Marine Pollution Management 347
Chandrasekara SSK
18.1 Introduction 347
18.2 Institutional Arrangement for the Coast and Marine Resources Management in Sri Lanka 349
18.3 The Necessity of Governance Approaches to Increase the Effectiveness of Coastal and Marine Pollution Control in Sri Lanka 353
18.4 Conclusion and the Way Forward 355
References 356
19 Impact of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems 359
Leneka Terika Rhoden
19.1 Introduction 359
19.2 Implications of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems 359
19.3 Linear Graph Showing Annual Global Sea-Surface Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2015 360
19.4 Conceptual Framework 363
19.5 Marine Life and Physical Characteristics of Oceans 365
19.6 Spatial Variability in Temperature Change 366
19.7 Resulting Biological Disruptions in Marine Ecosystems 368
19.8 Pelagic Ecosystems and Climate Dynamics 369
19.9 Coral Reefs and Ocean Acidification 371
19.10 Climate Migration and Adaptation in Marine Organisms 374
19.11 Case Study: Influx of Sargassum across the Caribbean 375
19.12 Management and Government Policies for Marine Ecosystems: The Way Forward 377
19.13 Conclusions and Key Recommendations 378
References 379
20 X-Press Pearl Disaster 389
Uswatta Liyanage Harsha Prabath Perera, and Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake
20.1 Introduction 389
20.2 The MV X-Press Pearl Cargo Vessel 392
20.3 The Environmental Impacts of the X-Press Pearl Maritime Debacle 392
20.4 The Socioeconomic Impacts After the X-Press Pearl Disaster 398
20.5 Conclusion 398
References 399
21 Container Overboard in the Port of New Orleans, LA, USA: The Response and Cleanup of the 2020 Bianca Pellet Spill 403
Bryan D. James and Christopher M. Reddy
21.1 Introduction 403
21.2 Materials and Methods 404
21.3 Results and Discussion 406
21.4 Understanding the Fate of the Nurdles Following the Spill 410
References 419
22 Unleashing Potential: Transcending Marine Pollution Forecasts for a Better Future and Critical Thresholds 425
Sandun Dassanayake, Udari Perera, and Mahinsasa Rathnayake
22.1 Introduction 425
22.2 Critical Thresholds in Marine Life 2030 Program 426
22.3 Major Marine Pollution Sources 426
22.4 Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring 431
22.5 Biomonitoring 432
22.6 Data-Driven Assessment Techniques 433
22.7 Critical Thresholds: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions 436
References 443
23 Impacts of Coastal and Marine Pollution on the Blue Economy: Integrating Blue Finance Perspectives 447
Gayithri Niluka Kuruppu, Nimila Dushyantha, Panchala Weerakoon, Gayan Amarasooriya, Titus Cooray, and Harshi Jayasingha
23.1 Introduction 447
23.2 Impacts of the Coastal and Marine Pollution on Main Pillars of the Blue Economy 449
23.3 The Economic Toll of Marine and Coastal Pollution on the Blue Economy 454
23.4 Blue Finance for Investing in a Sustainable Maritime Future 455
23.5 Conclusion 459
Acknowledgement 459
References 459
24 Macro Issues of Microplastics: Present Status and Future Challenges 465
Wijetunge, D.S., Perera, S.P.K.K.A., Karunathilake, N.M.O.A., and Ranatunga, R.R.M.K.P.
24.1 Microplastics (MPs): The Global Pollutant 465
24.2 Importance of Standardized MP Assessments and Accuracy in Data Acquisition 470
24.3 Economics of Waste Management 478
24.4 Mitigating MP Pollution: Sustainable Approaches, Circular Economy, and Policymaking 481
24.5 Conclusion 486
References 486
Index 495
