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Publisher's Noteguaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A definitive guide to energy systems engineering-thoroughly updated for the latest technologiesWritten by a team of experts in the industry, this comprehensive resource discusses fossil, nuclear, and renewable energy and lays out technology-neutral, portfolio-based approaches to energy systems. You will get complete coverage of all of the major energy technologies, including how they work, how they are quantitatively evaluated, what they cost, and their impact on the natural environment. The authors show how each technique is currently used-and offer a look into the future of energy systems engineering.Thoroughly revised to include the latest advances, Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation, Third Edition, clearly addresses project scope estimation, cost, energy consumption, and technical efficiency. Example problems demonstrate the performance of each technology and teach, step-by-step, how to assess strengths and weaknesses. Hundreds of illustrations and end-of-chapter exercises aid in your understanding of the concepts presented. Valuable appendices contain reference tables, unit conversions, and thermodynamic constants.Coverage includes: * Systems and economic tools * Climate change and climate modeling * Fossil fuel resources * Stationary combustion systems * Carbon sequestration * Nuclear energy systems, including small-scale nuclear fusion * Solar resources* Solar photovoltaic technologies * Active and passive solar thermal systems * Wind energy systems and wind turbine designs for lower wind speeds* Bioenergy resources and systems* Waste-to-energy conversion* Transportation energy technologies, including electric vehicles * Systems perspective on transportation energy* Creating the twenty-first-century energy system
Contents
Note to Instructors1 Introduction1-1 Overview1-2 Introduction1-2-1 Historic Growth in Energy Supply1-3 Relationship between Energy, Population, and Wealth1-3-1 Correlation between Energy Use and Wealth1-3-2 Human Development Index: An Alternative Means of Evaluating Prosperity1-4 Pressures Facing World due to Energy Consumption1-4-1 Industrial versus Emerging Countries1-4-2 Pressure on CO2 Emissions1-4-3 Observations about Energy Use and CO2 Emissions Trends1-4-4 Discussion: Contrasting Mainstream and Deep Ecologic Perspectives on Energy Requirements1-5 Energy Issues and the Contents of This Book1-5-1 Motivations, Techniques, and Applications1-5-2 Initial Comparison of Three Underlying Primary Energy Sources1-6 Units of Measure Used in Energy Systems1-6-1 Metric (SI) Units1-6-2 U.S. Standard Customary Units1-6-3 Units Related to Oil Production and Consumption1-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises2 Systems and Policy Tools2-1 Overview2-2 Introduction2-2-1 Conserving Existing Energy Resources versus Shifting to Alternative Resources2-2-2 The Concept of Sustainable Development2-3 Fundamentals of the Systems Approach2-3-1 Initial Definitions2-3-2 Steps in the Application of the Systems Approach2-3-3 Stories, Scenarios, and Models2-3-4 Systems Approach Applied to the Scope of This Book: Energy/Climate Challenges Compared to Other Challenges2-4 Other Systems Tools Applied to Energy2-4-1 Systems Dynamics Models: Exponential Growth, Saturation, and Causal Loops2-5 Other Tools for Energy Systems2-5-1 Kaya Equation: Factors That Contribute to Overall CO2 Emissions2-5-2 Life-Cycle Analysis and Energy Return on Investment2-5-3 Multi-Criteria Analysis of Energy Systems Decisions2-5-4 Choosing among Alternative Solutions Using Optimization2-5-5 Understanding Contributing Factors to Time-Series Energy Trends Using Divisia Analysis2-5-6 Incorporating Uncertainty into Analysis Using Probabilistic Approaches and Monte Carlo Simulation2-6 Energy Policy as a Catalyst for the Pursuit of Sustainability2-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises3 Engineering Economic Tools3-1 Overview3-2 Introduction3-2-1 The Time Value of Money3-3 Economic Analysis of Energy Projects and Systems3-3-1 Definition of Terms3-3-2 Evaluation without Discounting3-3-3 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis3-3-4 Maximum Payback Period Method3-3-5 Levelized Cost of Energy3-4 Direct versus External Costs and Benefits3-5 Intervention in Energy Investments to Achieve Social Aims3-5-1 Methods of Intervention in Energy Technology Investments3-5-2 Critiques of Intervention in Energy Investments3-6 NPV Case Study Example3-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises4 Climate Change and Climate Modeling4-1 Overview4-2 Introduction4-2-1 Relationship between the Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gas Emissions4-2-2 Carbon Cycle and Solar Radiation4-2-3 Quantitative Imbalance in CO2 Flows into and out of the Atmosphere4-2-4 Consensus on the Human Link to Climate Change: Taking the Next Steps4-2-5 Early Indications of Change and Remaining Areas of Uncertainty4-3 Modeling Climate and Climate Change4-3-1 Relationship between Wavelength, Energy Flux, and Absorption4-3-2 A Model of the Earth-Atmosphere System4-3-3 General Circulation Models of Global Climate4-4 Climate in the Future4-4-1 Positive and Negative Feedback from Climate Change4-4-2 Scenarios for Future Rates of CO2 Emissions, CO2 Stabilization Values, and Average Global Temperature4-4-3 Recent Efforts to Counteract Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol (1997-2012)4-4-4 Assessing the Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and Description of Post-Kyoto Efforts4-5 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises5 Fossil Fuel Resources5-1 Overview5-2 Introduction5-2-1 Characteristics of Fossil Fuels5-2-2 Current Rates of Consumption and Total Resource Availability5-2-3 CO2 Emissions Comparison and a "Decarbonization" Strategy5-3 Decline of Conventional Fossil Fuels and a Possible Transition to Nonconventional Alternatives5-3-1 Hubbert Curve Applied to Resource Lifetime5-3-2 Potential Role for Nonconventional Fossil Resources as Substitutes for Oil and Gas5-3-3 Example of U.S. and World Nonconventional Oil Development5-3-4 Discussion: Potential Ecological and Social Impacts of Evolving Fossil Fuel Extraction5-3-5 Conclusion: The Past and Future of Fossil Fuels5-4 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises6 Stationary Combustion Systems6-1 Overview6-2 Introduction6-2-1 A Systems Approach to Combustion Technology6-3 Fundamentals of Combustion Cycle Calculation6-3-1 Brief Review of Thermodynamics6-3-2 Rankine Vapor Cycle6-3-3 Brayton Gas Cycle6-4 Advanced Combustion Cycles for Maximum Efficiency6-4-1 Supercritical Cycle6-4-2 Combined Cycle6-4-3 Cogeneration and Combined Heat and Power6-5 Economic Analysis of Stationary Combustion Systems6-5-1 Calculation of Levelized Cost of Electricity Production6-5-2 Case Study of Small-Scale Cogeneration Systems6-5-3 Case Study of Combined Cycle Cogeneration Systems6-5-4 Integrating Different Electricity Generation Sources into the Grid6-6 Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Combustion Project Cost Analysis6-7 Reducing CO2 by Combusting Nonfossil Fuels or Capturing Emissions6-7-1 Waste-to-Energy Conversion Systems6-7-2 Electricity Generation from Biomass Combustion6-7-3 Waste Water Energy Recovery and Food Waste Conversion to Electricity6-7-4 Zero-Carbon Systems for Combusting Fossil Fuels and Generating Electricity6-8 Systems Issues in Combustion in the Future6-9 Representative Levelized Cost Calculation for Electricity from Natural Gas6-10 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises7 Carbon Sequestration7-1 Overview7-2 Introduction7-3 Indirect Sequestration7-3-1 The Photosynthesis Reaction: The Core Process of Indirect Sequestration7-3-2 Indirect Sequestration in Practice7-3-3 Future Prospects for Indirect Sequestration7-4 Geological Storage of CO27-4-1 Removing CO2 from Waste Stream7-4-2 Options for Direct Sequestration in Geologically Stable Reservoirs7-4-3 Prospects for Geological Sequestration7-5 Sequestration through Conversion of CO2 into Inert Materials7-6 Direct Removal of CO2 from Atmosphere for Sequestration7-7 Overall Comparison of Sequestration Options7-8 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises8 Nuclear Energy Systems8-1 Overview8-2 Introduction8-2-1 Brief History of Nuclear Energy8-2-2 Current Status of Nuclear Energy8-3 Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Resources8-3-1 Reactions Associated with Nuclear Energy8-3-2 Availability of Resources for Nuclear Energy8-4 Reactor Designs: Mature Technologies and Emerging Alternatives8-4-1 Established Reactor Designs8-4-2 Alternative Fission Reactor Designs8-5 Nuclear Fusion8-6 Nuclear Energy and Society: Environmental, Political, and Security Issues8-6-1 Contribution of Nuclear Energy to Reducing CO2 Emissions8-6-2 Management of Radioactive Substances during Life Cycle of Nuclear Energy8-6-3 Nuclear Energy and the Prevention of Proliferation8-6-4 The Effect of Public Perception on Nuclear Energy8-6-5 Future Prospects for Nuclear Energy8-7 Representative Levelized Cost Calculation for Electricity from Nuclear Fission8-8 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises9 The Solar Resource9-1 Overview9-1-1 Symbols Used in This Chapter9-2 Introduction9-2-1 Availability of Energy from the Sun and Geographic Availability9-3 Definition of Solar Geometric Terms and Calculation of Sun's Position by Time of Day9-3-1 Relationship between Solar Position and Angle of Incidence on Solar Surface9-3-2 Method for Approximating Daily Energy Reaching a Solar Device9-4 Effect of Diffusion on Solar Performance9-4-1 Direct, Diffuse, and Global Insolation9-4-2 Climatic and Seasonal Effects9-4-3 Effect of Surface Tilt on Insolation Diffusion9-5 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises10 Solar Photovoltaic Technologies10-1 Overview10-1-1 Symbols Used in This Chapter10-2 Introduction10-2-1 Alternative Approaches to Manufacturing PV Panels10-3 Fundamentals of PV Cell Performance10-3-1 Losses in PV Cells and Gross Current Generated by Incoming Light10-3-2 Net Current Generated as a Function of Device Parameters10-3-3 Other Factors Affecting Performance10-3-4 Calculation of Unit Cost of PV Panels10-4 Design and Operation of Practical PV Systems10-4-1 Available System Components for Different Types of Designs10-4-2 Estimating Output from PV System: Basic Approach Using PV Watts10-4-3 Estimating Output from PV System: Extended Approach10-4-4 Year-to-Year Variability of PV System Output10-4-5 Economics of PV Systems10-5 Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental Considerations10-6 Representative Levelized Cost Calculation for Electricity from Solar PV10-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises11 Active Solar Thermal Applications11-1 Overview11-2 Symbols Used in This Chapter11-3 General Comments11-4 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors11-4-1 General Characteristics, Flat-Plate Solar Collectors11-4-2 Solar Collectors withLiquid as the Transport Fluid11-4-3 Solar Collectors with Air as the Transport Fluid11-4-4 Unglazed Solar Collectors11-4-5 Other Heat Transfer Fluids for Flat-Plate Solar Collectors11-4-6 Selective Surfaces11-4-7 Reverse-Return Piping11-4-8 Hybrid PV/Thermal Systems11-4-9 Evacuated-Tube Solar Collectors11-4-10 Performance Case Study of an Evacuated Tube System11-5 Concentrating Collectors11-5-1 General Characteristics, Concentrating Solar Collectors11-5-2 Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Collectors11-5-3 Parabolic Dish Concentrating Solar Collectors11-5-4 Power Tower Concentrating Solar Collectors11-5-5 Solar Cookers11-6 Heat Transfer in Flat-Plate Solar Collectors11-6-1 Solar Collector Energy Balance11-6-2 Testing and Rating Procedures for Flat-Plate, Glazed Solar Collectors11-6-3 Heat Exchangers and Thermal Storages11-6-4 f-Chart for System Analysis11-6-5 f-Chart for System Design11-6-6 Optimizing the Combination of Solar Collector Array and Heat Exchanger11-6-7 Pebble Bed Thermal Storage for Air Collectors11-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises12 Passive Solar Thermal Applications12-1 Overview12-2 Symbols Used in This Chapter12-3 General Comments12-4 Thermal Comfort Considerations12-5 Building Enclosure Considerations12-6 Heating Degree Days and Seasonal Heat Requirements12-6-1 Adjusting HDD Values to a Different Base Temperature12-7 Types of Passive Solar Heating Systems12-7-1 Direct Gain12-7-2 Indirect Gain, Trombe Wall12-7-3 Isolated Gain12-8 Solar Transmission through Windows12-9 Load:Collector Ratio Method for Analysis12-10 Conservation Factor Addendum to the LCR Method12-11 Load:Collector Ratio Method for Design12-12 Passive Ventilation by Thermal Buoyancy12-13 Designing Window Overhangs for Passive Solar Systems12-14 SummaryReferencesExercises13 Wind Energy Systems13-1 Overview13-2 Introduction13-2-1 Components of a Turbine13-2-2 Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Wind13-2-3 Alternative Turbine Designs: Horizontal versus Vertical Axis13-3 Using Wind Data to Evaluate a Potential Location13-3-1 Using Statistical Distributions to Approximate Available Energy13-3-2 Effects of Height, Season, Time of Day, and Direction on Wind Speed13-4 Estimating Output from a Specific Turbine for a Proposed Site13-4-1 Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor13-5 Turbine Design13-5-1 Theoretical Limits on Turbine Performance13-5-2 Tip Speed Ratio, Induced Radial Wind Speed, and Optimal Turbine Rotation Speed13-5-3 Analysis of Turbine Blade Design13-5-4 Steps in Turbine Design Process13-6 Economic and Social Dimensions of Wind Energy Feasibility13-6-1 Comparison of Large- and Small-Scale Wind13-6-2 Integration of Wind with Other Intermittent and Dispatchable Resources13-6-3 Public Perception of Wind Energy and Social Feasibility13-7 Representative Levelized Cost Calculation for Electricity from Utility-Scale Wind13-8 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises14 Bioenergy Resources and Systems14-1 Overview14-2 Introduction14-2-1 Policies14-2-2 Net Energy Balance Ratio and Life-Cycle Analysis14-2-3 Productivity of Fuels per Unit of Cropland per Year14-3 Biomass14-3-1 Sources of Biomass14-3-2 Pretreatment Technologies14-4 Platforms14-4-1 Sugar Platform14-4-2 Syngas Platform14-4-3 Bio-oil Platform14-4-4 Carboxylate Platform14-5 Alcohol14-5-1 Sugarcane to Ethanol14-5-2 Corn Grain to Ethanol14-5-3 Cellulosic Ethanol14-5-4 n-Butanol14-6 Biodiesel14-6-1 Production Processes14-6-2 Life-Cycle Assessment14-7 Methane and Hydrogen (Biogas)14-7-1 Anaerobic Digestion14-7-2 Anaerobic Hydrogen-Producing Systems14-8 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises15 Transportation Energy Technologies15-1 Overview15-2 Introduction15-2-1 Definition of Terms15-2-2 Endpoint Technologies for a Petroleum- and Carbon-Free Transportation System15-2-3 Competition between Emerging and Incumbent Technologies15-3 Vehicle Design Considerations and Alternative Propulsion Designs15-3-1 Criteria for Measuring Vehicle Performance15-3-2 Options for Improving Conventional Vehicle Efficiency15-3-3 Power Requirements for Nonhighway Modes15-4 Alternatives to ICEVs: Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Platforms15-4-1 Battery-Electric Vehicles15-4-2 Hybrid Vehicles15-4-3 Biofuels: Adapting Bio-energy for Transportation Applications15-4-4 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems and Vehicles15-5 Well-to-Wheel Analysis as a Means of Comparing Alternatives15-6 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises16 Systems Perspective on Transportation Energy16-1 Overview16-2 Introduction16-2-1 Ways of Categorizing Transportation Systems16-2-2 Influence of Transportation Type on Energy Requirements16-2-3 Units for Measuring Transportation Energy Efficiency16-3 Recent Trends and Current Assessment of Energy Use in Transportation Systems16-3-1 Passenger Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status16-3-2 Freight Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status16-3-3 Estimated CO2 Emissions Factors by Mode16-4 Applying a Systems Approach to Transportation Energy16-4-1 Modal Shifting to More Efficient Modes16-4-2 Rationalizing Transportation Systems to Improve Energy Efficiency16-4-3 Integrating Light-Duty Vehicles and Electricity Supply to Optimize Vehicle Charging and Grid Performance16-5 Understanding Transition Pathways for New Technology16-6 Toward a Policy for Future Transportation Energy from a Systems Perspective16-6-1 Metropolitan Region Energy Efficiency Plan16-6-2 Allocating Emerging Energy Sources and Technologies to Transportation Sectors16-7 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExercises17 Conclusion: Creating the Twenty-First-Century Energy System17-1 Overview17-2 Introduction: Energy in the Context of the Economic-Ecologic Conflict17-2-1 Comparison of Three Energy System Endpoints: Toward a Portfolio Approach17-2-2 Summary of End-of-Chapter Levelized Cost Values17-2-3 Other Emerging Technologies Not Previously Considered17-2-4 Comparison of Life Cycle CO2 Emissions per Unit of Energy17-3 Sustainable Energy for Developing Countries17-4 Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Future: A Case Study17-4-1 Renewable Scenario Results17-4-2 Comparison to Nuclear and CCS Pathways17-4-3 Comparison of Industrialized versus Emerging Contribution17-4-4 Discussion17-5 The Role of the Energy Professional in Creating the Energy Systems of the Future17-5-1 Roles for Energy Professionals Outside of Formal Work17-6 SummaryReferencesFurther ReadingExerciseA Perpetual Julian Date CalendarB LCR TableC CF TableD Numerical Answers to Select ProblemsE Common ConversionsF Information about Thermodynamic ConstantsIndexNER(01): WOW
