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RESILIENCY OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS A revolutionary book covering the relevant concepts for resiliency-focused advancements of the distribution power grid
Most resiliency and security guidelines for the power industry are focused on power transmission systems. As renewable energy and energy storage increasingly replace fossil-fuel-based power generation over the coming years, geospatially neighboring distributed energy resources will supply a majority of consumers and provide clean power through long transmission lines. These electric power distribution systems—the final stage in the delivery of electric power—carry electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. New distributed devices will be essential to the grid to manage this variable power generation and enhance reliability and resilience while keeping electricity affordable as the world seeks solutions to climate change and threats from extreme events.
In Resiliency of Power Distribution Systems, readers are provided with the tools to understand and enhance resiliency of distribution systems—and thereby, the entire power grid. In a shift from the present design and operation of the power system, the book is focused on improving the grid's ability to predict, adapt, and respond to all hazards and threats. This, then, acts as a guide to ensure that any incident can be mitigated and responded to promptly and adequately. It also highlights the most advanced and applicable methodologies and architecture frameworks that evaluate degradation, advance proactive action, and transform system behavior to maintain normal operation, under extreme operating conditions.
Resiliency of Power Distribution Systems readers will also find:
Chapter organization that facilitates quick review of distribution fundamental and easy-but-thorough understanding of the importance of resiliency
Real-world case studies where resilient power systems could have prevented massive financial and energy losses
Frameworks to help mitigate cyber-physical attacks, strategize response on multiple timescales, and optimize operational efficiencies and priorities for the power grid
Resiliency of Power Distribution Systems is a valuable reference for power system professionals including electrical engineers, utility operators, distribution system planners and engineers, and manufacturers, as well as members of the research community, energy market experts and policy makers, and graduate students on electrical engineering courses.
Contents
About the Editors xv
List of Contributors xvii
Foreword xxi
Part I Foundation 1
1 Concepts of Resiliency 3
Sayonsom Chanda, Anurag K. Srivastava, and Chen-Ching Liu
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Resilience of Complex Systems 4
1.3 Related Terms and Definitions for Power System 7
1.4 Need for Grid Resiliency 10
1.5 Resiliency of Power Distribution Systems 12
1.6 Taxonomy of Resiliency 16
1.7 Tools for Enabling Resiliency 23
1.8 Summary 28
2 Measuring Resiliency Using Integrated Decision-Making Approach 35
Sayonsom Chanda, Prabodh Bajpai, and Anurag K. Srivastava
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Feature to Measure Resiliency of Power Distribution System 37
2.3 Integrated Decision-Making Approach 40
2.4 Algorithm to Enable Resilient Power Distribution System 42
2.5 Case Study 45
2.6 Conclusion 57
3 Resilience Indices Using Markov Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation 61
Mohammad Shahidehpour and Zhiyi Li
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Cyber-Physical Interdependencies in Power Distribution Systems 62
3.3 Resilience of Power Distribution Systems 66
3.4 Mathematical Model for Resilience Analysis 71
3.5 Simulation Results 86
3.6 Conclusions 96
4 Measuring and Enabling Resiliency for Microgrid Systems Against Cyber-attacks 101
Venkatesh Venkataramanan, Adam Hahn, and Anurag K. Srivastava
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Testbed Description for Validating Resilience Tools 102
4.3 Test System for Validating Cyber-Physical Resiliency 102
4.4 Dependencies Between Cyber and Physical Systems 106
4.5 Cyber-Attack Implementations 106
4.6 Cyber-Physical Resiliency Metrics and Tools - CyPhyR and CP-SAM 107
4.7 Case Studies for Cyber-Physical Resiliency Analysis 117
4.8 Summary 121
5 Resilience Indicators for Electric Power Distribution Systems 125
Julia Phillips and Frédéric Petit
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Motivations for Resilience Indicators 126
5.3 Decision Analysis Methodologies for Resilience Indicators 128
5.4 An Application to Electric Power Distribution Systems 134
5.5 FutureWork 138
5.6 Conclusion 138
6 Quantitative Model and Metrics for Distribution System Resiliency 143
Alexis Kwasinski
6.1 Power Grids Performance in Recent Natural Disasters 143
6.2 Resilience Modeling Framework 149
6.3 Quantitative Resilience Metrics for Electric Power Distribution Grids 154
7 Frameworks for Analyzing Resilience 163
Ted Brekken
7.1 Metrics 163
7.2 Risk Analysis Modeling 171
7.3 Power System Monte Carlo Analysis 180
7.4 Summary 181
Part II Enabling Resiliency 183
8 Resiliency-Driven Distribution Network Automation and Restoration 185
Yin Xu, Chen-Ching Liu, and Ying Wang
8.1 Optimal Placement of Remote-Controlled Switches for Restoration Capability Enhancement 185
8.2 Resiliency-Driven Distribution System Restoration Using Microgrids 188
8.3 Service Restoration Using DGs in a Secondary Network 196
8.4 Summary 205
9 Improving the Electricity Network Resilience by Optimizing the Power Grid 207
EngTseng Lau, Sandford Bessler, KokKeong Chai, Yue Chen, and Oliver Jung
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Microgrid Evaluation Tool 208
9.3 Overall Grid Modeling Tool 216
9.4 Conclusions 226
10 Robust Cyber Infrastructure for Cyber Attack Enabling Resilient Distribution System 231
Hyung-Seung Kim, Junho Hong, and Seung-Jae Lee
10.1 Introduction 231
10.2 Cyber Security Analysis of Distribution System 232
10.3 Cyber Attack Scenarios for Distribution System 234
10.4 Designing Cyber Attack Resilient Distribution System 238
10.5 Mitigation Methods Against Cyber Attacks 252
10.6 Summary 257
11 A Hierarchical Control Architecture for Resilient Operation of Distribution Grids 261
Ahmad R. Malekpour, Anuradha M. Annaswamy, and Jalpa Shah
11.1 Resilient Control Theory 261
11.2 A Hierarchical Control Strategy 264
11.3 Resilient Operation Using the Hierarchical Architecture 270
11.4 Conclusions 274
Part III Real-World Case Studies 279
12 A Resilience Framework Against Wildfire 281
Dimitris Trakas, Nikos Hatziargyriou, Mathaios Panteli, and Pierluigi Mancarella
12.1 Introduction 281
12.2 The Hazard of Wildfires 282
12.3 Modeling and Quantifying the Resilience of Distribution Networks to Wildfires 284
12.4 Case Study Application 291
12.5 Summary 301
13 Super Microgrid in Inner Mongolia 309
Jian Xu, Siyang Liao, and Yuanzhang Sun
13.1 Definition and Significance of the Super Microgrid 309
13.2 Applying Load Control Technology to the Super Microgrid 312
13.3 Research on Load-Frequency Control Methods for the Super Microgrid 317
13.4 Implementation of the Load-Frequency Control Method for the Super Microgrid 323
13.5 Operation of the Super Microgrid 325
13.6 Summary 326
14 Technology and Policy Requirements to Deliver Resiliency to Power System Networks 329
Mani Vadari, Gerald Stokes, and John (JD) Hammerly
14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 A Broad Perspective on the Need to Apply Technology 332
14.3 Use of Microgrids to Improve Resiliency Response 336
14.4 Use of Drones to Perform Advanced Damage Assessment 339
14.5 Case Study: Lessons Learned and Forgotten. The North American Hurricane Experience 342
14.6 Bringing it All Together - Policy and Practice 344
14.7 Conclusions 346
References 347
Index 351
