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Urban Water Security
In the twenty-first century, the world has seen an unprecedented migration of people from rural to urban areas. With the global demand for water projected to outstrip supply in the coming decades, cities will likely face water insecurity as a result of climate change and the various impacts of urbanisation. Traditionally, urban water managers have relied on large-scale, supply-side infrastructural projects to meet increased demands for water; however, these projects are environmentally, economically and politically costly. Urban Water Security argues that cities need to transition from supply-side to demand-side management to achieve urban water security. Urban Water Security provides readers with a series of in-depth case studies of leading developed cities, of differing climates, incomes and lifestyles from around the world, that have used demand management tools to modify the attitudes and behaviour of water users in an attempt to achieve urban water security.
Readership: Town and regional planners, water conservation managers and policymakers, international companies and organisations with large water footprints, environmental and water NGOs, researchers, graduate and undergraduate students.
Contents
Series Editor Foreword - Challenges in Water Management xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction 1
1 Water 101 5
1.1 What is water? 5
1.2 Hydrological cycle 6
1.3 Natural variations to water quantity 11
1.4 Natural variations to water quality 14
1.5 Impacts of urbanisation on water resources 17
1.6 Water and wastewater treatment processes 20
2 What is urban water security? 25
2.1 Non-climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 26
2.2 Climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 30
2.3 Reducing non-climatic and climatic risks to urban water security 32
3 Managing water sustainably to achieve urban water security 37
3.1 What is sustainability? 37
3.2 What does sustainability mean in urban water management? 42
3.3 Sustainable water resources management frameworks 45
3.4 Framework for managing urban water sustainably: Integrated urban water management 49
3.5 Other frameworks for managing urban water sustainably 52
4 Demand management to achieve urban water security 60
4.1 Purpose of demand management 60
4.2 Regulatory and technological demand management instruments 62
4.3 Communication and information demand management instruments 75
4.4. Portfolio of demand management tools 78
5 Transitions 86
5.1 What is a transition? 86
5.2 Operationalisation of transitions 91
5.3 Diffusion mechanisms 93
5.4 Transition management 95
6 Transitions towards managing natural resources and water 105
6.1 Transitions in natural resource management 106
6.2 What is a transition in urban water management? 109
6.3 Operationalising transitions in third-order scarcity 112
6.4 Barriers to transitions towards urban water security 115
7 Amsterdam transitioning towards urban water security 136
7.1 Brief company background 136
7.2 Water supply and water consumption 137
7.3 Strategic vision: Amsterdam's Definitely Sustainable 2011-2014 138
7.4 Drivers of water security 138
7.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 141
7.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 144
7.7 Case study SWOT analysis 146
7.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 149
8 Berlin transitioning towards urban water security 151
8.1 Brief company background 151
8.2 Water supply and water consumption 152
8.3 Strategic vision: Using water wisely 153
8.4 Drivers of water security 153
8.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 155
8.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 159
8.7 Case study SWOT analysis 160
8.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 163
9 Copenhagen transitioning towards urban water security 165
9.1 Brief company background 165
9.2 Water supply and water consumption 166
9.3 Strategic vision: Water supply plan (2012-2016) 166
9.4 Drivers of water security 167
9.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 169
9.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 174
9.7 Case study SWOT analysis 175
9.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 178
10 Denver transitioning towards urban water security 180
10.1 Brief company background 180
10.2 Water supply and water consumption 181
10.3 Strategic vision: Denver Water's 22 percent water target 183
10.4 Drivers of water security 183
10.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 185
10.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 191
10.7 Case study SWOT analysis 194
10.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 196
11 Hamburg transitioning towards urban water security 199
11.1 Brief company background 199
11.2 Water supply and water consumption 200
11.3 Strategic vision: The HAMBURG WATER Cycle 200
11.4 Drivers of water security 200
11.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 202
11.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 206
11.7 Case study SWOT analysis 207
11.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 210
12 London transitioning towards urban water security 211
12.1 Brief company background 211
12.2 Water supply and water consumption 212
12.3 Strategic vision: Reducing consumption 212
12.4 Drivers of water security 212
12.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 213
12.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 216
12.7 Case study SWOT analysis 220
12.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 224
13 Singapore transitioning towards urban water security 225
13.1 Brief company background 225
13.2 Water supply and water consumption 226
13.3 Strategic vision: Balancing supply with rising demand 227
13.4 Drivers of water security 227
13.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 229
13.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 235
13.7 Case study SWOT analysis 237
13.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 241
14 Toronto transitioning towards urban water security 242
14.1 Brief company background 242
14.2 Water supply and water consumption 243
14.3 Strategic vision: Toronto's Water Efficiency Plan 244
14.4 Drivers of water security 244
14.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 245
14.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 250
14.7 Case study SWOT analysis 252
14.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 256
15 Vancouver transitioning towards urban water security 257
15.1 Brief company background 257
15.2 Water supply and water consumption 258
15.3 Strategic vision: Clean water and lower consumption 259
15.4 Drivers of water security 260
15.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 261
15.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 266
15.7 Case study SWOT analysis 267
15.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 271
16 Sharing the journey: Best practices and lessons learnt 272
16.1 Best practices 272
16.2 Lessons learnt 276
16.3 Moving forwards 280
Conclusions 284
Index 292
