Full Description
This Encyclopedia covers the vast field of political communication, presenting an authoritative overview of its key foundational theories and empirical methodologies. Authored by nearly 600 experts from across the globe, it explores diverse areas of inquiry, foreshadowing future trends and avenues for research.
Highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of political communication, the Encyclopedia engages with a range of topics from election campaigns, news and journalism, to interpersonal communication, social media, and psychological mechanisms of information processing. Entries are concise and accessible, critically examining the role of the communicator, the message, the medium, and the receiver, as well as applications to broader societal issues.
Key Features:
Thoroughly comprehensive with over 400 entries written by leading scholars and researchers
Expands the boundaries of political communication beyond usual Western-centric conceptions
Provides insights into a wide variety of topics, approaches, paradigms, methodologies, and perspectives
Students and scholars of media and communication, political science, sociology, international relations, public administration and management, and social sciences in general will greatly benefit from this essential Encyclopedia. It is also a vital resource for researchers and international policy professionals seeking to understand cutting-edge developments in the field.
Contents
Contents
Introduction: Mapping political communication xxxiii
Alessandro Nai, Max Grömping and Dominique Wirz
Entries A-E
Accent bias 3
Matteo Bonotti and Louisa Willoughby
Activism 7
Ángel Barbas
Affective polarization 11
Alexa Bankert and Tabitha Lamberth
Agenda building 15
Isabelle Roth Borucki
Agenda cutting 19
Yosuke Buchmeier
Agenda melding 25
Christine McWhorter
Agenda setting 29
Marcus Maurer
Agenda surfing 33
Curd Knüpfer
Algorithmic biases 37
Aleksandra Urman and Mykola Makhortykh
Algorithmic curation 41
Natalia Umansky and Cornelius Puschmann
Algorithmic enclaves 45
Merlyna Lim
Algorithmic folklore 51
Laura Savolainen, Minna Ruckenstein and Eija Stark
The alt-right 57
Danny W. Carroll II and Khadija Khaja
Alternative media 61
Kristoffer Holt
Ambiguity 67
Paweł Koniak and Wojciech Cwalina
Americanization 73
Rossana Sampugnaro
Anger 77
Steven W. Webster
Anonymity 81
Akriti Gaur
Anti-populism 85
Vlastimil Havlík and Alena Kluknavská
Appraisal theories of emotions 91
Dominique Stefanie Wirz
Artificial intelligence 95
Claes de Vreese
Astroturfing 99
Marko Kovic and Adrian Rauchfleisch
Audience fragmentation 105
Raluca-Nicoleta Radu
Authenticity 109
Simon M. Luebke
Authoritarian populism 113
Dan Paget
Autocratic information control 117
Maria Elize H. Mendoza and Aries A. Arugay
Automated journalism 121
Wang Ngai Yeung and Tomás Dodds
Belief echoes 127
Paul Reilly
Big Five 131
Xiaowen Xu and Danny Osborne
Blame attribution 135
Michael Hameleers
Bots and autonomous agents 141
Vasilisa Kuznetsova and Cornelius Puschmann
Brokerage 147
Fatima Gaw and Cheryll Ruth R. Soriano
"Bullshit" 151
Olaf Hoffjann
Campaign finance 155
Sam Power
Campaign posters 159
Dennis Steffan
Campaign professionalization 163
Christina Holtz-Bacha
Campaign rallies 169
Alia Middleton
Campaign saturation 173
Julio Juárez-Gámiz
Candidate appearance 179
Susana Rogeiro Nina and José Santana-Pereira
Canvassing 183
Simon Kruschinski
Cartoons 189
Cherian George
Censorship 195
Philipp Matthias Lutscher
Character assassination 199
Sergei A. Samoilenko, Martijn Icks and Eric Shiraev
Charismatic leadership 203
Andrew P. Davis and Adam James Goldfarb
Cheapfakes 207
Dren Gërguri
Citizen journalism 211
Gabbie Puzon and Melissa Wall
Civic engagement 215
Anna Radiukiewicz
Claims analysis 221
Alena Kluknavská
Clickbait media 225
Jean Linis-Dinco
Climate communication 229
Sarah A. Geegan, Samantha N. Pfeiffer and Kimberly Ann Parker
Cognitive dissonance 233
Cornelia Mothes
Collective narcissism 239
Agnieszka Golec de Zavala
Communication accommodation theory 245
Teri Terigele and Yan Bing Zhang
Communicative sovereignty 249
Katherine M. A. Reilly
Community media 253
Susan Forde
Computational approaches 259
Jörg Haßler and Mario Haim
Computational propaganda 265
Hossein Kermani
Confirmation bias 271
Ling Liu
Conflict avoidance 275
Jennifer Wolak
Conflict framing 279
Emma van der Goot
Conjoint experiments 283
Erik Knudsen
Connective action 287
Hossein Kermani
Conservative news 293
A. J. Bauer
Conspiracy theories 297
Tim Schatto-Eckrodt and Lena Frischlich
Constructive journalism 303
Karen McIntyre
Content creators 307
Taylor Annabell, Catalina Goanta and Haoyang Gui
Content moderation 311
Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero
Coordinated campaigns 315
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos
Countering violent extremism 321
Miraji Hassan Mohamed and Loise Macharia
Counterpublics 327
Dennis Leung
COVID-19 333
Miloš Gregor
Creativity 337
Terence Lee
Crisis communication 343
Wouter Jong
Critical Discourse Analysis 347
Kurt Sengul
Critical Media Studies 351
Brian L. Ott
Critical Race Theory 355
Bill Yousman
Cross-cutting exposure 359
Lara Kobilke
Crowdsourcing journalism 363
Nina Springer
Cultivation theory 369
Sydney Elaine Brammer and Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter
Cultural studies 373
GL Hernandez
Culture jamming 377
Elena Block
Dark personality traits 383
Alessandro Nai
Dark web 387
Marco Wähner
Data donations 391
Felicia Loecherbach
Data journalism 395
Silke Fürst
Data-driven campaigning 399
Katharine Dommett
Decision-making 403
Sonia Jawaid Shaikh
Deepfakes 409
Teresa Weikmann
Dehumanizing language 413
Isabella Gonçalves
Deliberation 417
Ine Goovaerts
Demagogy 421
Cristiano Gianolla
Democratic legitimacy 427
Matthew A. Placek
Democratization 431
Meli Mthabisi Ncube
Development journalism 437
Rasha Allam
Diaspora media 441
Tendai Chari
Digital activism 445
Charlotte Meier
Digital authoritarianism 449
Masduki and Rivi Handayani
Digital culture 453
Anirban Kapil Baishya
Digital divide 457
Matías Dodel
Digital fandom 461
Christine Hiu Ying Choy and Kitty Shuet Ying Ho
Digital heuristics 465
Andreas Schäfer
Digital intra-party democracy 471
Giulia Sandri
Digital journalism 477
Javier Díaz-Noci
Digital memory 481
Mykola Makhortykh
Digital surveillance 485
Laszlo Horvath
Digital trace data 489
Andreas Jungherr
Dirty campaigning 493
Franz Reiter
Discursive polarization 497
Hendrik Meyer and Michael Brüggemann
Disease 503
Amy-Louise Byrne
Dissonant communication 509
Barbara Pfetsch
Echo chambers 515
Ludovic Terren
Economic news 519
Rens Vliegenthart
Editorial journalism 523
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques, Edna Miola and Andressa Butture Kniess
Elaboration Likelihood Model 527
Andrew Luttrell and Caelie P. McRobert
Election advertising 531
Jielu Yao, Markus Neumann and Erika Franklin Fowler
Election campaigns on social media 537
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Elisa Kannasto and Aleksi Knuutila
Electoral integrity 541
Emre Toros
Elite networks 545
Cantay Caliskan
Emotional appeals 549
Franziska Marquart
Emotions in journalism 553
Johana Kotišová
Engaged journalism 557
Débora Medeiros
Engagement with politicians 561
Márton Bene
Equivalence and emphasis frames 565
Britta Carmen Brugman
Ethics of AI 569
Alessio Tartaro and Mihály Héder
European Union 573
Olga Eisele and Tobias Heidenreich
Expectancy violations theory 577
Judee K. Burgoon
Experience sampling 581
Lukas P. Otto and Mareike Wieland
Experiments 585
Philipp Müller
Expert surveys 589
Maurits J. Meijers and Nina Wiesehomeier
Expertise 595
Markus Lehmkuhl and Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann
Extra-factual information 599
Kelly M. Greenhill
Extremist propaganda 603
Diana Rieger and Lena Frischlich
Eye tracking 609
Heleen Dekoninck and Desiree Schmuck
Fact-checking 3
Michelle A. Amazeen
Fake news 7
Brian L. Ott
Far-right communication 13
Curd Knüpfer
Fear appeals 19
Nicholas Charles D'Amico
Feminist perspectives 25
Lenka Vochocová
Fictional entertainment 29
Torgeir Uberg Nærland
Fictional populism 33
Silvija Vuković
Filter bubbles 37
Marilù Miotto, Jin Wan and Fabio Votta
Forecasting 43
Louis Robert William Bromfield and Jack Tudor
Foreign reporting 47
Regina Cazzamatta
Fourth Estate 51
Afonso de Albuquerque
Frame alignment 55
Michiel De Vydt
Frame building 61
Ayesha Jehangir
Frame contestation 67
Jessica E. Boscarino
Framing 71
Regula Hänggli Fricker
Framing effects 77
Florin Zai and Michelle Möri
Freedom of speech 81
Kari Steen-Johnsen, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk and Bente Kalsnes
Freelance journalism 85
Henry Silke and Kathryn Hayes
Functional Theory 91
William Lyon Benoit
Gatewatching 95
Axel Bruns
Gender 101
Tobias Rohrbach, Loes Aaldering and Daphne van der Pas
Grounded Theory 105
Vivian Bonita Martin
Group appeals 109
Lena Maria Huber and Simon Stuckelberger
Guerrilla marketing 115
Alexander L. Fattal
Hack and leaks 119
Philip Di Salvo
Hate speech 123
María Antonia Paz-Rebollo and Francisco Segado-Boj
Hegemonic Media 127
Antonieta Mercado
The heuristic-systematic model 131
Ines Engelmann, Corinna and Oschatz
Hierarchy of influences 137
André K. Rodarte and Robert J. Richardson
High-choice media environments 141
Laia Castro
Horserace journalism 145
Richard Thomas
The hostile media effect 149
Richard M. Perloff
Hyperactive users 153
Orestis Papakyriakopoulos
Hyperpartisan news 157
Ernesto de León
Identity 161
Elena Block
Identity propaganda 167
Madhavi and Reddi
Ideological asymmetry 171
Zea Szebeni and Virpi Salojärvi
Ideology 175
Angelos Kissas
Image repair 179
William Lyon Benoit
Immersive journalism 183
Hannah Greber
Immigration 187
Laura Jacobs
Implicit attitudes 191
Luqiu Luwei Rose
Incidental news exposure 195
Matthew Barnidge
Incivility 199
Patrícia Rossini
Indexing theory 203
Shabir Hussain and Farrukh Shahzad
Indigenous language news 207
Wunpini Fatimata Mohammed, Hardi Shahadu and Lukman Mahami Adams
Indigenous media studies 213
Jason Paolo Telles
Inequality 219
Daniel Streeter Lane and Hannah Elizabeth Overbye-Thompson
Infodemic 223
Felix M. Simon and Chico Q. Camargo
Infographics 227
William L. Allen and Eedan R. Amit-Danhi
Information cues in referenda 231
Adrien Petitpas, Andrea Barbieri and Pascal Sciarini
Information ethics 235
Lavinia Rotili
Information fatigue 241
Julia Metag
Information processing 245
Erin B. Fitz
Informedness 249
Luise Anter
Infotainment 253
Isabella Glogger
Inoculation 257
Bobi Ivanov and Kimberly Ann Parker
Inspirational media 263
Lena Frischlich, Lindsay Hahn and Diana Rieger
Instant messaging 267
Camila Mont'Alverne and Isabele Mitozo
Interest groups 271
Max Grömping, Darren Halpin, Anne Sofie and Cornelius Nielsen
Intergroup bias 277
Alexandra Schaefer Hinck
Intergroup communication 283
Adrian Lüders
International communication 287
Sofia José Santos and Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho
International negotiations 291
Tatiana Coutto
Internet shutdowns 295
Kristin Eichhorn
Interpersonal communication 301
Eran Amsalem and Omer Ben Simhon
Interpersonal disagreement 305
German Neubaum, Luna T. Frauhammer and Jana H. Dreston
Intersectionality 309
Briar Dickey and Niels Spierings
Intimate ethos 313
Irene Lis Gindin
Investigative journalism 317
Andrea Carson
Irony 323
Josh Averbeck and Zaynab Yusuf
Islamic-Western relations 327
Kai Hafez
Issue ownership 333
Henrik Bech Seeberg
Journalism as a public good 337
Roman Winkelhahn
Journalism education 341
Saba Bebawi
Journalist safety 345
Jonathan Achée Solis
Journalistic gatekeeping 349
Lars-Ole Wehden
Journalistic roles 355
Andreas A. Riedl and Thomas Hanitzsch
Journalistic sources 361
Sophie Lecheler
Journalistic values 365
Lavinia Rotili
Knowledge gap 371
Marvin Stecker and Fabienne Lind
Language complexity 375
Alivia Zubrod, Lucian Gideon Conway and III
Large language models 379
Johannes Berthold Gruber and Fabio Antonello Votta
Leader credibility 385
Pooja Sharma and Varsha Jain
Legacy media 391
Andreas Widholm
Legal journalism 395
Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi
Letters to leaders 399
Daniel Casey and Brandon Rottinghaus
Limited capacity model 403
Jacob T. Fisher, Chen (Crystal) Chen and Jay Jennings
Linkage studies 407
Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Nina Ameseder
Listening 411
Kate Lacey
Local news 415
Bernadette Uth
Logos in political communication 419
Matteo C.M. Casiraghi and Eugenio Cusumano
Machine learning 423
Jessica Di Cocco and Bernardo Monechi
Mainstreaming 427
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut and Brigitte Naderer
Marxism 433
Nicolò Pennucci
Media balkanization theory 437
William Lyon Benoit and Andrew Charles Billings
Media bias 443
Tim Groeling and Je Hoon Chae
Media capture 447
David Jofré
Media criticism 453
Jana Laura Egelhofer
Media deregulation 457
Kristy Hess and Agnes Gulyas
Media distrust 461
Ana Pérez-Escoda
Media ecology 465
Carlos A. Scolari
Media effect duration 469
Fabian Thomas
Media effects on political elites 473
Chitralekha Basu and Lennart Schürmann
Media fragmentation 477
Robbyn E.B. Taylor
Media linguistics 481
Astrid Vandendaele
Media literacy 485
W. James Potter
Media logic 489
Ulrike Klinger and Jakob Svensson
Media malaise 493
Andreas R.T. Schuck
Media ownership 497
Rodney Benson
Media pluralism 501
Anda Rožukalne
Media populism 505
Giuliano Bobba and Antonella Seddone
Media storms 509
David Dumouchel and Thierry Giasson
Media systems 513
Diego Ceccobelli and Marco Mazzoni
Mediatization 517
Sina Blassnig
Memes 521
Thomas Galipeau
Memory 525
Nicole Maurantonio
Message amplification 529
Yini Zhang
Meta-analyses 533
Shelley Boulianne
Meta-cognitive myopia 537
Myrto Pantazi
Metaphorical framing 541
Britta Carmen Brugman
Microblogging 545
Yannik Peters and Caja Thimm
Microtargeting 549
Sanne Kruikemeier
Minimal effects theory 553
Dylan M. McLemore and Christopher R. Roland
Misinformation and disinformation 557
Edda Humprecht
Mobile political communication 563
Jakob Ohme
Mobilization 569
Karolina Koc-Michalska, Darren G. Lilleker and Amanda Haraldsson
Moral appeals 573
Frederic René Hopp and Linda Bos
Mortality salience 577
Lindsey A. Harvell-Bowman, Brian Burke and Mark J. Landau
Motivated reasoning 581
Moreno Mancosu and Federico Vegetti
Multimodal communication 585
Katarina Pettersson and Jari Martikainen
Music 589
Lyndon C.S. Way
Narrative characters 3
Rebecca Frazer, Matthew Grizzard and Emily
Narrative Persuasion 9
Nicholas Haas and Emmy Lindstam
Narrowcasting 13
Sahika Gorgulu
Nationalism 17
Francisco Seoane Pérez
Natural language processing 21
Zhijing Jin, Rada Mihalcea and Bernhard Schölkopf
Need for cognition 27
José Santana-Pereira
Negativecampaigning 31
Alessandro Nai and Philipp Mendoza
Negativity bias 37
Stuart Soroka
Network analysis 41
Hyunjin and Jin
Networked journalism 45
Sharon Meraz
Networked public spheres 51
Katharina Esau and Axel Bruns
Neuroscience 57
Melissa N. Baker, Cayleb Stives and Olivia Neufeld
New global communication order 61
Anilesh Kumar
News aggregation 65
Laurence Dierickx and Carl-Gustav Lindén
News avoidance 69
Kim Andersen and Stephanie Edgerly
News coverage of politics 73
Travis N. Ridout and Taewoo Kang
News deserts 77
Joy Jenkins
News finds me 81
Javier Serrano-Puche, Jordi Rodríguez-Virgili and Aurken Sierra
News media quality 85
Melanie Magin
News production 89
Rodrigo Zamith
News recommender systems 93
Michael Adam Beam, Zhixin, Giselle and Pu
News sharing on social media 97
Anna Sophie Kümpel
News values 101
Helen Caple
Newsroom 105
Tomás Dodds and Wang Ngai Yeung
Nonverbal political communication 109
Delia Dumitrescu
Nudging 113
Peter John and Blake Lee-Whiting
Objectivity 117
Zixiu Liu and Jianan Zhu
Online campaigning 121
Marius Sältzer and L. Constantin Wurthmann
Online community management 125
Dominique Heinbach and Marike Bormann
Online news engagement 131
Sina Blassnig and Dominique S. Wirz
Open science 135
Tobias Dienlin, Sanne Kruikemeier and Douglas A. Parry
Otherness and othering 139
Javier García-Marín, Belén and Óscar Luengo
Parliamentary debates 143
Nora Wenzl
Participatory media cultures 147
L. Lusike and Mukhongo
Participatory persuasion 153
Kecheng Fang and Jing Guo
Party manifestos 157
Pola Lehmann
Party pledges 161
Petia Kostadinova
Party-voter linkages 165
Tristan Klingelhöfer
Peace journalism 171
Muhammad Sultan Malik and Annika Sehl
Perceived incivility 175
Chiara Vargiu
Peripheral media actors 179
Ane Mestvedthagen and David Cheruiyot
Permanent campaigning 185
Darren G. Lilleker and Ícaro Joathan
Personal brands 189
Elisa Kannasto
Personalization of politics 193
Katjana Gattermann
Persuasion 197
Wojciech Cwalina and Paweł Koniak
Pictorial health warnings 203
Rendro Dhani
Platformization 207
David B. Nieborg, Thomas Poell and José van Dijck
Polarization 211
Julia Simon and Jakob Wiedekind
Politeness theory 217
Aimee E. Miller-Ott
Political consultants 221
Stephen K. Medvic
Political consumerism 225
Christopher Starke and Ole Kelm
Political correctness 229
Martina Thiele and Mandy Tröger
Political debasement 235
Ofer Feldman and Sam Lehman-Wilzig
Political disagreement 241
Gina M. Masullo
Political economy of media 245
Lambrini Papadopoulou
Political efficacy 249
Jennifer Oser
Political entertainment 253
Huma Rasheed and Dannagal Goldthwaite Young
Political humor 257
Jody C Baumgartner
Political influencers 261
Thijs Albert Jan Kelder, Jacob van de Kerkhof and Giovanni de Gregorio
Political journalism 265
Bengt Johansson
Political knowledge 271
Sangwon Lee
Political marketing 275
Jennifer Lees-Marshment and Salma Malik
Political parallelism 281
Francisco Paulo, Jamil Marques, Edna Miola and Afonso de Albuquerque
Political scandals 285
Christian von Sikorski
Political violence 291
Rubén Bordalo Ferreira and Raquel Beleza da Silva
Politicization 297
Elena
Polycrisis 301
Tamsin Parnell
Popularity indicators 305
Pablo Jost
Populism and nationalism 309
Luca Manucci
Populist attitudes 315
Anne Schulz and Alexander Wuttke
Populist communication 319
Linda Bos
Post-truth 323
Silvio Waisbord
Postcolonial political communication 329
Bruce Mutsvairo
Postmodern campaigns 333
Angie K. González G., Catalina Uribe Rincón and Omar Rincón
Prebunking 337
Chikezie and E. Uzuegbunam
Predictive journalism 341
Nicholas Diakopoulos
Preference falsification 345
Xiaoxiao Shen and Eddy S. F. Yeung
Prejudice 349
Daniela Alonso and Hugo Hernán Rabbia
Presidential communication 355
Joshua M. Scacco and Aya Diab
Press freedom 361
Lambrini Papadopoulou and Theodora A. Maniou
Press releases 365
Uta Russmann
Priming 369
Wojciech Cwalina and Paweł Koniak
Privacy 375
Johanna E. Möller
Propaganda 381
Mykola Makhortykh and Aleksandra Urman
Protest framing 385
Jelena Kleut and Ana Milojevic
Protest responsiveness 389
Luna Staes and Ruud Wouters
Protest selection 395
Ruud Wouters and Luna Staes
Public diplomacy 399
Beata Ociepka
Public opinion 403
Mona Krewel
Public service media 407
Lea Sophia Lehner and Annika Sehl
Public sphere 413
Elena
Quantitative content analysis 417
Knut De Swert, Xiaoyang Zhao and Elif Kılık
Queer studies 423
Jimmie Manning
Racialization 429
Ana-Nzinga Weiß and Katharina Tittel
Radicalization 433
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut and Diana Rieger
Radio 439
Aniruddha Jena and Vinod Pavarala
Referendum campaigns 445
Theresa Reidy
Representation styles 451
Stefano Camatarri and Marta Gallina
Resistance to persuasion 455
Chiara Valli
Rhetoric 459
Brian L. Ott
Satire 463
Mark Boukes
Schadenfreude 467
Jessica Gall Myrick, Jin Chen, Jiaqi, Agnes and Bao
Science communication 471
Chun-Ju, Jerome and Huang
Search engines 477
Marieke van Hoof
Second screening 481
Brigitte Huber
Selective exposure 485
Ana Sofía Cardenal
Self-censorship 489
Rachel Brock
Self-effects 495
Fabian Prochazka
Self-reported media exposure 499
Marko Bachl
Semiotics 503
Brian L. Ott
Sensational news 507
Yu-Leung NG
Sentiment analysis 511
Mariken A.C.G. van der Velden, Nathalia Umansky Casapa and Christian Pipal
Sexism 515
Gilda Sensales and Laura Prislei
Shadowbans 521
Kokil Jaidka
Social identity theory 525
Yuko Sato
Social marketing strategy 529
Kimberly Ann Parker, Sarah Ann Geegan, Erin Berger and Hester
Social media affordances 533
Marcelo Santos and Sebastián Valenzuela
Social media as news source 537
Corinna, Oschatz and Marcel Broersma
Social media use 541
Sherice Gearhart and Ioana Alexandra Coman
Doron Shultziner Social movements and protest547
Social responsibility initiatives 551
Nicole H. O'Donnell
Soft power 555
Bruno Lovric
Soft propaganda 559
Lucie Lu
Sophistication 563
Marta Gallina and Stefano Camatarri
Source credibility 567
Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg
Sovereign citizens 571
Scott J. Varda
Spin 575
Ruth Garland
Spiral of silence 579
Jule Scheper and Marius Gerads
Spokesperson 583
José Miguel Rojo-Martínez
Sport 587
Jason Paolo Telles
Stancetaking 591
Valentyna Ushchyna, Oksana Shkamarda and Laryssa Kyrychuk
Statistics in the news 595
Jairo Lugo-Ocando and Ahmed Farouk Radwan
Stereotypes 599
Ignacio López-Escarcena
Storytelling 603
Karin Liebhart
Subliminal messages 609
Simon Ruch and Thomas P. Reber
Survey research 613
Blake Lee-Whiting
System justification 617
Melanie Langer
Tabloids 621
Marco Bastos
Televised debates 625
Jürgen Maier
Terrorism 629
Amélie Godefroidt
Third-level agenda setting 635
Mariam F. Alkazemi and Deb Aikat
Third-person effect 639
Raluca Buturoiu and Nicoleta Corbu
Time and nostalgia 643
Theofilos Gkinopoulos
Town halls 647
Steven Gregory and Perry
Toxicity in online discourse 651
Paola Pascual-Ferrá
Trauma and journalism 655
Stephen Stewart
Trojan horse discourse 661
Michiel Luining and Tom Van Hout
Trust 665
Andrea Ceron and Alessio Scopelliti
Two-step flow 669
Adolfo Carratalá
Unelected representation 675
Andrea Vik
User comments 681
Svenja Schäfer and Anna Maria Planitzer
User-defined repertoires 687
Sakshi Bhalla and Harsh Taneja
Valence issues 691
Jan Philipp Thomeczek
Values 695
Mira Sotirovic
Video as data 701
Bryce J. Dietrich and Hyein Ko
Viewpoint diversity exposure 705
Lara Kobilke
Virality 709
Juan S. Victoria, José B. Arjona and Alfonso Méndiz
Visual framing 715
Lulu Rodriguez and Daniela Dimitrova
Voice pitch 719
Aurélie De Waele
Voter uncertainty 723
Darren G. Lilleker
Voting advice applications 727
Diego Garzia and Stefan Marschall
Voting behavior 731
Andrea De Angelis
Vox pops 737
Kathleen Beckers
War journalism 741
Dariya Orlova
Xenophobia 745
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
Youth 749
Frank Reichert
