Full Description
This Encyclopedia covers the vast field of political communication, presenting an authoritative overview of its key foundational theories and empirical methodologies. Authored by nearly 600 experts from across the globe, it explores diverse areas of inquiry, foreshadowing future trends and avenues for research.
Highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of political communication, the Encyclopedia engages with a range of topics from election campaigns, news and journalism, to interpersonal communication, social media, and psychological mechanisms of information processing. Entries are concise and accessible, critically examining the role of the communicator, the message, the medium, and the receiver, as well as applications to broader societal issues.
Key Features:
Thoroughly comprehensive with over 400 entries written by leading scholars and researchers
Expands the boundaries of political communication beyond usual Western-centric conceptions
Provides insights into a wide variety of topics, approaches, paradigms, methodologies, and perspectives
Students and scholars of media and communication, political science, sociology, international relations, public administration and management, and social sciences in general will greatly benefit from this essential Encyclopedia. It is also a vital resource for researchers and international policy professionals seeking to understand cutting-edge developments in the field.
Contents
Contents
Introduction: Mapping political communication
Alessandro Nai, Max Grömping and Dominique Wirz
Volume 1: Entries A-E
Accent bias
Matteo Bonotti and Louisa Willoughby
Activism
Ángel Barbas
Affective polarization
Alexa Bankert and Tabitha Lamberth
Agenda building
Isabelle Roth Borucki
Agenda cutting
Yosuke Buchmeier
Agenda melding
Christine McWhorter
Agenda setting
Marcus Maurer
Agenda surfing
Curd Knüpfer
Algorithmic biases
Aleksandra Urman and Mykola Makhortykh
Algorithmic curation
Natalia Umansky and Cornelius Puschmann
Algorithmic enclaves
Merlyna Lim
Algorithmic folklore
Laura Savolainen, Minna Ruckenstein and Eija Stark
The alt-right
Danny W. Carroll II and Khadija Khaja
Alternative media
Kristoffer Holt
Ambiguity
Paweł Koniak and Wojciech Cwalina
Americanization
Rossana Sampugnaro
Anger
Steven W. Webster
Anonymity
Akriti Gaur
Anti-populism
Vlastimil Havlík and Alena Kluknavská
Appraisal theories of emotions
Dominique Wirz
Artificial intelligence
Claes de Vreese
Astroturfing
Marko Kovic and Adrian Rauchfleisch
Audience fragmentation
Raluca-Nicoleta Radu
Authenticity
Simon M. Luebke
Authoritarian populism
Dan Paget
Autocratic information control
Maria Elize H. Mendoza and Aries A. Arugay
Automated journalism
Wang Ngai Yeung and Tomás Dodds
Belief echoes
Paul Reilly
Big Five
Xiaowen Xu and Danny Osborne
Blame attribution
Michael Hameleers
Bots and autonomous agents
Vasilisa Kuznetsova and Cornelius Puschmann
Brokerage
Fatima Gaw and Cheryll Ruth R. Soriano
"Bullshit"
Olaf Hoffjann
Campaign finance
Sam Power
Campaign posters
Dennis Steffan
Campaign professionalization
Christina Holtz-Bacha
Campaign rallies
Alia Middleton
Campaign saturation
Julio Juárez-Gámiz
Candidate appearance
Susana Rogeiro Nina and José Santana-Pereira
Canvassing
Simon Kruschinski
Cartoons
Cherian George
Censorship
Philipp Matthias Lutscher
Character assassination
Sergei A. Samoilenko, Martijn Icks and Eric Shiraev
Charismatic leadership
Andrew P. Davis and Adam James Goldfarb
Cheapfakes
Dren Gërguri
Citizen journalism
Gabbie Puzon and Melissa Wall
Civic engagement
Anna Radiukiewicz
Claims analysis
Alena Kluknavská
Clickbait media
Jean Linis-Dinco
Climate communication
Sarah A. Geegan, Samantha N. Pfeiffer and Kimberly Ann Parker
Cognitive dissonance
Cornelia Mothes
Collective narcissism
Agnieszka Golec de Zavala
Communication accommodation theory
Teri Terigele and Yan Bing Zhang
Communicative sovereignty
Katherine M. A. Reilly
Community media
Susan Forde
Computational approaches
Jörg Haßler and Mario Haim
Computational propaganda
Hossein Kermani
Confirmation bias
Ling Liu
Conflict avoidance
Jennifer Wolak
Conflict framing
Emma van der Goot
Conjoint experiments
Erik Knudsen
Connective action
Hossein Kermani
Conservative news
A. J. Bauer
Conspiracy theories
Tim Schatto-Eckrodt and Lena Frischlich
Constructive journalism
Karen McIntyre
Content creators
Taylor Annabell, Catalina Goanta and Haoyang Gui
Content moderation
Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero
Coordinated campaigns
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos
Countering violent extremism
Miraji Hassan Mohamed and Loise Macharia
Counterpublics
Dennis Leung
COVID-19
Miloš Gregor
Creativity
Terence Lee
Crisis communication
Wouter Jong
Critical Discourse Analysis
Kurt Sengul
Critical Media Studies
Brian L. Ott
Critical Race Theory
Bill Yousman
Cross-cutting exposure
Lara Kobilke
Crowdsourcing journalism
Nina Springer
Cultivation theory
Sydney Elaine Brammer and Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter
Cultural studies
GL Hernandez
Culture jamming
Elena Block
Dark personality traits
Alessandro Nai
Dark web
Marco Wähner
Data donations
Felicia Loecherbach
Data journalism
Silke Fürst
Data-driven campaigning
Katharine Dommett
Decision-making
Sonia Jawaid Shaikh
Deepfakes
Teresa Weikmann
Dehumanizing language
Isabella Gonçalves
Deliberation
Ine Goovaerts
Demagogy
Cristiano Gianolla
Democratic legitimacy
Matthew A. Placek
Democratization
Meli Mthabisi Ncube
Development journalism
Rasha Allam
Diaspora media
Tendai Chari
Digital activism
Charlotte Meier
Digital authoritarianism
Masduki and Rivi Handayani
Digital culture
Anirban Kapil Baishya
Digital divide
Matías Dodel
Digital fandom
Christine Hiu Ying Choy and Kitty Shuet Ying Ho
Digital heuristics
Andreas Schäfer
Digital intra-party democracy
Giulia Sandri
Digital journalism
Javier Díaz-Noci
Digital memory
Mykola Makhortykh
Digital surveillance
Laszlo Horvath
Digital trace data
Andreas Jungherr
Dirty campaigning
Franz Reiter
Discursive polarization
Hendrik Meyer and Michael Brüggemann
Disease
Amy-Louise Byrne
Dissonant communication
Barbara Pfetsch
Echo chambers
Ludovic Terren
Economic news
Rens Vliegenthart
Editorial journalism
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques, Edna Miola and Andressa Butture Kniess
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Andrew Luttrell and Caelie P. McRobert
Election advertising
Jielu Yao, Markus Neumann and Erika Franklin Fowler
Election campaigns on social media
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Elisa Kannasto and Aleksi Knuutila
Electoral integrity
Emre Toros
Elite networks
Cantay Çalışkan
Emotional appeals
Franziska Marquart
Emotions in journalism
Johana Kotišová
Engaged journalism
Débora Medeiros
Engagement with politicians
Márton Bene
Equivalence and emphasis frames
Britta C. Brugman
Ethics of AI
Alessio Tartaro and Mihály Héder
European Union
Olga Eisele and Tobias Heidenreich
Expectancy violations theory
Judee K. Burgoon
Experience sampling
Lukas P. Otto and Mareike Wieland
Experiments
Philipp Müller
Expert surveys
Maurits J. Meijers and Nina Wiesehomeier
Expertise
Markus Lehmkuhl and Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann
Extra-factual information
Kelly M. Greenhill
Extremist propaganda
Diana Rieger and Lena Frischlich
Eye tracking
Heleen Dekoninck and Desiree Schmuck
Volume 2: Entries F-M
Fact-checking
Michelle A. Amazeen
Fake news
Brian L. Ott
Far-right communication
Curd Knüpfer
Fear appeals
Nicholas Charles D'Amico
Feminist perspectives
Lenka Vochocová
Fictional entertainment
Torgeir Uberg Nærland
Fictional populism
Silvija Vuković
Filter bubbles
Marilù Miotto, Jin Wan and Fabio Votta
Forecasting
Louis Robert William Bromfield and Jack Tudor
Foreign reporting
Regina Cazzamatta
Fourth Estate
Afonso de Albuquerque
Frame alignment
Michiel De Vydt
Frame building
Ayesha Jehangir
Frame contestation
Jessica E. Boscarino
Framing
Regula Hänggli Fricker
Framing effects
Florin Zai and Michelle Möri
Freedom of speech
Kari Steen-Johnsen, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk and Bente Kalsnes
Freelance journalism
Henry Silke and Kathryn Hayes
Functional Theory
William Lyon Benoit
Gatewatching
Axel Bruns
Gender
Tobias Rohrbach, Loes Aaldering, and Daphne van der Pas
Grounded Theory
Vivian Bonita Martin
Group appeals
Lena Maria Huber and Simon Stückelberger
Guerrilla marketing
Alexander L. Fattal
Hacks and leaks
Philip Di Salvo
Hate speech
María Antonia Paz-Rebollo and Francisco Segado-Boj
Hegemonic media
Antonieta Mercado
The heuristic-systematic model
Ines Engelmann and Corinna Oschatz
Hierarchy of influences
André K. Rodarte and Robert J. Richardson
High-choice media environments
Laia Castro
Horserace journalism
Richard Thomas
The hostile media effect
Richard M. Perloff
Hyperactive users
Orestis Papakyriakopoulos
Hyperpartisan news
Ernesto de León
Identity
Elena Block
Identity propaganda
Madhavi Reddi
Ideological asymmetry
Zea Szebeni and Virpi Salojärvi
Ideology
Angelos Kissas
Image repair
William Lyon Benoit
Immersive journalism
Hannah Greber
Immigration
Laura Jacobs
Implicit attitudes
Luqiu Luwei Rose
Incidental news exposure
Matthew Barnidge
Incivility
Patrícia Rossini
Indexing theory
Shabir Hussain and Farrukh Shahzad
Indigenous language news
Wunpini Fatimata Mohammed, Hardi Shahadu and Lukman Mahami Adams
Indigenous media studies
Jason Paolo Telles
Inequality
Daniel Streeter Lane and Hannah Elizabeth Overbye-Thompson
Infodemic
Felix M. Simon and Chico Q. Camargo
Infographics
William L. Allen and Eedan R. Amit-Danhi
Information cues in referenda
Adrien Petitpas, Andrea Barbieri and Pascal Sciarini
Information ethics
Lavinia Rotili
Information fatigue
Julia Metag
Information processing
Erin B. Fitz
Informedness
Luise Anter
Infotainment
Isabella Glogger
Inoculation
Bobi Ivanov and Kimberly Ann Parker
Inspirational media
Lena Frischlich, Lindsay Hahn, and Diana Rieger
Instant messaging
Camila Mont'Alverne and Isabele Mitozo
Interest groups
Max Grömping, Darren Halpin, and Anne Sofie Cornelius Nielsen
Intergroup bias
Alexandra Schaefer Hinck
Intergroup communication
Adrian Lüders
International communication
Sofia José Santos and Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho
International negotiations
Tatiana Coutto
Internet shutdowns
Kristin Eichhorn
Interpersonal communication
Eran Amsalem and Omer Ben Simhon
Interpersonal disagreement
German Neubaum, Luna T. Frauhammer, and Jana H. Dreston
Intersectionality
Briar Dickey and Niels Spierings
Intimate ethos
Irene Lis Gindin
Investigative journalism
Andrea Carson
Irony
Josh Averbeck and Zaynab Yusuf
Islamic-Western relations
Kai Hafez
Issue ownership
Henrik Bech Seeberg
Journalism as a public good
Roman Winkelhahn
Journalism education
Saba Bebawi
Journalist safety
Jonathan Achée Solis
Journalistic gatekeeping
Lars-Ole Wehden
Journalistic roles
Andreas A. Riedl and Thomas Hanitzsch
Journalistic sources
Sophie Lecheler
Journalistic values
Lavinia Rotili
Knowledge gap
Marvin Stecker and Fabienne Lind
Language complexity
Alivia Zubrod and Lucian Gideon Conway III
Large language models
Johannes Berthold Gruber and Fabio Antonello Votta
Leader credibility
Pooja Sharma and Varsha Jain
Legacy media
Andreas Widholm
Legal journalism
Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi
Letters to leaders
Daniel Casey and Brandon Rottinghaus
Limited capacity model
Jacob T. Fisher, Chen (Crystal) Chen, and Jay Jennings
Linkage studies
Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Nina Ameseder
Listening
Kate Lacey
Local news
Bernadette Uth
Logos in political communication
Matteo C.M. Casiraghi and Eugenio Cusumano
Machine learning
Jessica Di Cocco and Bernardo Monechi
Mainstreaming
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Brigitte Naderer
Marxism
Nicolò Pennucci
Media balkanization theory
William Lyon Benoit and Andrew Charles Billings
Media bias
Tim Groeling and Je Hoon Chae
Media capture
David Jofré
Media criticism
Jana Laura Egelhofer
Media deregulation
Kristy Hess and Agnes Gulyas
Media distrust
Ana Pérez-Escoda
Media ecology
Carlos A. Scolari
Media effect duration
Fabian Thomas
Media effects on political elites
Chitralekha Basu and Lennart Schürmann
Media fragmentation
Robbyn E.B. Taylor
Media linguistics
Astrid Vandendaele
Media literacy
W. James Potter
Media logic
Ulrike Klinger and Jakob Svensson
Media malaise
Andreas R.T. Schuck
Media ownership
Rodney Benson
Media pluralism
Anda Rožukalne
Media populism
Giuliano Bobba and Antonella Seddone
Media storms
David Dumouchel and Thierry Giasson
Media systems
Diego Ceccobelli and Marco Mazzoni
Mediatization
Sina Blassnig
Memes
Thomas Galipeau
Memory
Nicole Maurantonio
Message amplification
Yini Zhang
Meta-analyses
Shelley Boulianne
Meta-cognitive myopia
Myrto Pantazi
Metaphorical framing
Britta C. Brugman
Microblogging
Yannik Peters and Caja Thimm
Microtargeting
Sanne Kruikemeier
Minimal effects theory
Dylan M. McLemore and Christopher R. Roland
Misinformation and disinformation
Edda Humprecht
Mobile political communication
Jakob Ohme
Mobilization
Karolina Koc-Michalska, Darren G. Lilleker and Amanda Haraldsson
Moral appeals
Frederic René Hopp and Linda Bos
Mortality salience
Lindsey A. Harvell-Bowman, Brian Burke and Mark J. Landau
Motivated reasoning
Moreno Mancosu and Federico Vegetti
Multimodal communication
Katarina Pettersson and Jari Martikainen
Music
Lyndon C.S. Way
Volume 3: Entries N-Z
Narrative characters
Rebecca Frazer, Matthew Grizzard, and Emily Moyer-Gusé
Narrative persuasion
Nicholas Haas and Emmy Lindstam
Narrowcasting
Şahika Görgülü
Nationalism
Francisco Seoane Pérez
Natural language processing
Zhijing Jin, Rada Mihalcea, and Bernhard Schölkopf
Need for cognition
José Santana-Pereira
Negative campaigning
Alessandro Nai and Philipp Mendoza
Negativity bias
Stuart Soroka
Network analysis
Hyunjin Song
Networked journalism
Sharon Meraz
Networked public spheres
Katharina Esau and Axel Bruns
Neuroscience
Melissa N. Baker, Cayleb Stives, and Olivia Neufeld
New global communication order
Anilesh Kumar
News aggregation
Laurence Dierickx and Carl-Gustav Lindén
News avoidance
Kim Andersen and Stephanie Edgerly
News coverage of politics
Travis N. Ridout and Taewoo Kang
News deserts
Joy Jenkins
News finds me
Javier Serrano-Puche, Jordi Rodríguez-Virgili, and Aurken Sierra
News media quality
Melanie Magin
News production
Rodrigo Zamith
News recommender systems
Michael A. Beam and Zhixin (Giselle) Pu
News sharing on social media
Anna Sophie Kümpel
News values
Helen Caple
Newsroom
Tomás Dodds and Wang Ngai Yeung
Nonverbal political communication
Delia Dumitrescu
Nudging
Peter John and Blake Lee-Whiting
Objectivity
Zixiu Liu and Jianan Zhu
Online campaigning
Marius Sältzer and L. Constantin Wurthmann
Online community management
Dominique Heinbach and Marike Bormann
Online news engagement
Sina Blassnig and Dominique S. Wirz
Open science
Tobias Dienlin, Sanne Kruikemeier, and Douglas A. Parry
Otherness and othering
Javier García-Marín, Belén Fernández-García, and Óscar Luengo
Parliamentary debates
Nora Wenzl
Participatory media cultures
L. Lusike Mukhongo
Participatory persuasion
Kecheng Fang and Jing Guo
Party manifestos
Pola Lehmann
Party pledges
Petia Kostadinova
Party-voter linkages
Tristan Klingelhöfer
Peace journalism
Muhammad Sultan Malik and Annika Sehl
Perceived incivility
Chiara Vargiu
Peripheral media actors
Ane Mestvedthagen and David Cheruiyot
Permanent campaigning
Darren G. Lilleker and Ícaro Joathan
Personal brands
Elisa Kannasto
Personalization of politics
Katjana Gattermann
Persuasion
Wojciech Cwalina and Paweł Koniak
Pictorial health warnings
Rendro Dhani
Platformization
David B. Nieborg, Thomas Poell, and José van Dijck
Polarization
Julia Simon and Jakob Wiedekind
Politeness theory
Aimee E. Miller-Ott
Political consultants
Stephen K. Medvic
Political consumerism
Christopher Starke and Ole Kelm
Political correctness
Martina Thiele and Mandy Tröger
Political debasement
Ofer Feldman and Sam Lehman-Wilzig
Political disagreement
Gina M. Masullo
Political economy of media
Lambrini Papadopoulou
Political efficacy
Jennifer Oser
Political entertainment
Huma Rasheed and Dannagal Goldthwaite Young
Political humor
Jody C. Baumgartner
Political influencers
Thijs Albert Jan Kelder, Jacob van de Kerkhof, and Giovanni de Gregorio
Political journalism
Bengt Johansson
Political knowledge
Sangwon Lee
Political marketing
Jennifer Lees-Marshment and Salma Malik
Political parallelism
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques , Edna Miola, and Afonso de Albuquerque
Political scandals
Christian von Sikorski
Political violence
Rubén Bordalo Ferreira and Raquel Beleza da Silva
Politicization
Elena Escalante-Block
Polycrisis
Tamsin Parnell
Popularity indicators
Pablo Jost
Populism and nationalism
Luca Manucci
Populist attitudes
Anne Schulz and Alexander Wuttke
Populist communication
Linda Bos
Post-truth
Silvio Waisbord
Postcolonial political communication
Bruce Mutsvairo
Postmodern campaigns
Angie K. Gonzalez G., Catalina Uribe Rincón, and Omar Rincón
Prebunking
Chikezie E. Uzuegbunam
Predictive journalism
Nicholas Diakopoulos
Preference falsification
Xiaoxiao Shen and Eddy S. F. Yeung
Prejudice
Daniela Alonso and Hugo H. Rabbia
Presidential communication
Joshua M. Scacco and Aya Diab
Press freedom
Lambrini Papadopoulou and Theodora A. Maniou
Press releases
Uta Russmann
Priming
Wojciech Cwalina and Paweł Koniak
Privacy
Johanna E. Möller
Propaganda
Mykola Makhortykh and Aleksandra Urman
Protest framing
Jelena Kleut and Ana Milojević
Protest responsiveness
Luna Staes and Ruud Wouters
Protest selection
Ruud Wouters and Luna Staes
Public diplomacy
Beata Ociepka
Public opinion
Mona Krewel
Public service media
Lea Sophia Lehner and Annika Sehl
Public sphere
Elena Escalante-Block
Quantitative content analysis
Knut De Swert, Xiaoyang Zhao, and Elif Kılık
Queer studies
Jimmie Manning
Racialization
Ana-Nzinga Weiß and Katharina Tittel
Radicalization
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Diana Rieger
Radio
Aniruddha Jena and Vinod Pavarala
Referendum campaigns
Theresa Reidy
Representation styles
Stefano Camatarri and Marta Gallina
Resistance to persuasion
Chiara Valli
Rhetoric
Brian L. Ott
Satire
Mark Boukes
Schadenfreude
Jessica Gall Myrick, Jin Chen, and Jiaqi 'Agnes' Bao
Science communication
Chun-Ju Huang
Search engines
Marieke van Hoof
Second screening
Brigitte Huber
Selective exposure
Ana Sofía Cardenal
Self-censorship
Rachel Brock
Self-effects
Fabian Prochazka
Self-reported media exposure
Marko Bachl
Semiotics
Brian L. Ott
Sensational news
Yu-Leung Ng
Sentiment analysis
Mariken A.C.G. van der Velden, Natalia Umansky Casapa, and Christian Pipal
Sexism
Gilda Sensales and Laura Prislei
Shadowbans
Kokil Jaidka
Social identity theory
Yuko Sato
Social marketing strategy
Kimberly Ann Parker, Sarah Ann Geegan, and Erin Berger Hester
Social media affordances
Marcelo Santos and Sebastián Valenzuela
Social media as news source
Corinna Oschatz and Marcel Broersma
Social media use
Sherice Gearhart and Ioana Alexandra Coman
Social movements and protest
Doron Shultziner
Social responsibility initiatives
Nicole H. O'Donnell
Soft power
Bruno Lovric
Soft propaganda
Lucie Lu
Sophistication
Marta Gallina and Stefano Camatarri
Source credibility
Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg
Sovereign citizens
Scott J. Varda
Spin
Ruth Garland
Spiral of silence
Jule Scheper and Marius Gerads
Spokesperson
José Miguel Rojo-Martínez
Sport
Jason Paolo Telles
Stancetaking
Valentyna Ushchyna, Oksana Shkamarda, and Laryssa Kyrychuk
Statistics in the news
Jairo Lugo-Ocando and Ahmed Farouk Radwan
Stereotypes
Ignacio López-Escarcena
Storytelling
Karin Liebhart
Subliminal messages
Simon Ruch and Thomas P. Reber
Survey research
Blake Lee-Whiting
System justification
Melanie Langer
Tabloids
Marco Bastos
Televised debates
Jürgen Maier
Terrorism
Amélie Godefroidt
Third-level agenda setting
Mariam F. Alkazemi and Deb Aikat
Third-person effect
Raluca Buturoiu and Nicoleta Corbu
Time and nostalgia
Theofilos Gkinopoulos
Town halls
Steven Gregory Perry
Toxicity in online discourse
Paola Pascual-Ferrá
Trauma and journalism
Stephen Stewart
Trojan horse discourse
Michiel Luining and Tom Van Hout
Trust
Andrea Ceron and Alessio Scopelliti
Two-step flow
Adolfo Carratalá
Unelected representation
Andrea Vik
User comments
Svenja Schäfer and Anna Maria Planitzer
User-defined repertoires
Sakshi Bhalla and Harsh Taneja
Valence issues
Jan Philipp Thomeczek
Values
Mira Sotirovic
Video as data
Bryce J. Dietrich and Hyein Ko
Viewpoint diversity exposure
Lara Kobilke
Virality
Juan S. Victoria, José B. Arjona, and Alfonso Méndiz
Visual framing
Lulu Rodriguez and Daniela Dimitrova
Voice pitch
Aurélie De Waele
Voter uncertainty
Darren G. Lilleker
Voting advice applications
Diego Garzia and Stefan Marschall
Voting behavior
Andrea De Angelis
Vox pops
Kathleen Beckers
War journalism
Dariya Orlova
Xenophobia
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
Youth
Frank Reichert
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