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Full Description
Summer farms occur throughout the world where there are rich pastures that can only be utilised for part of the year, mainly because they are under snow and ice during the winter. In Europe transhumance is often a major event when the cattle and other livestock leave their home villages and move up into the mountains, and likewise on their return. The best known sites in Europe are perhaps those found in the Alpine areas, but they occur everywhere where there are suitable highland areas to exploit.
Traditionally they have been the subject of the studies of ethnographers and anthropologists, especially in the second half of the 20th century when technological and economic changes led to the gradual abandonment of the farms and to other ways of exploiting the highlands. The last of these farmers are gradually disappearing and with them the oral records and memories. Now it is archaeologists who are leading the recording of this material and also looking at the history of such farming from prehistory and from the Bronze Age with the rise in importance of `Secondary Products' such as cheese which could be stored for use over winter.
Much of the evidence can only be gathered by surface survey and by excavation, though in some cases there are good written sources which have yet to be fully exploited. This volume provides case studies, as well as brief summaries of other projects in Europe, extending from the Black Sea in the east to northern Spain and Iceland in the west, though with a concentration on the Alpine area. One thing that emerges is the very varied nature of these sites in terms of their chronology, who went to the farms, the distances travelled, and the other activities associated with transhumance such as mining. In some cases the products were primarily for the subsistence of the agricultural population, but in other cases they were traded and could produce a large amount of profit. This is the first overview of these sites in Europe written from an archaeological point of view.
Contents
1: Summer Farms: An Introduction
John Collis
2: Pastoral Exploitation of the Caspian and Don Steppes and the North Caucasus during the Bronze Age: Seasonality and Isotopes N.I. Shishlina, Russian State Historical Museum, and Y.O. Larionova, Russian Academy of Sciences
3: `Salaš': Summer Farming and Transhumance in the Czech Republic from a (Pre)historic and Environmental Perspective
Dagmar Dreslerová, Czech Academy of Sciences
4: Hard Cheese: Upland Pastoralism in the Italian Bronze and Iron Ages
Mark Pearce, University of Nottingham
5: Shepherds and Miners through Time in the Veneto Highlands: Ethnoarchaeology and Archaeology
Mara Migliavacca, University of Padua
6: Seasonal Settlements and Husbandry Resources in the Ligurian Apennines (17th-20th centuries)
Anna Maria Stagno, University of Genoa/University of the Basque Country
7: The `Invisible' Shepherd and the `Visible' Dairyman: Ethnoarchaeology of Alpine Pastoral Sites in the Val di Fiemme (Eastern Italian Alps)
Francesco Carrer, University of York
8: Going up the Mountain! Exploitation of the Trentino Highlands as Summer Farms during the Bronze Age: The Dosso Rotondo Site at Storo (Northern Italy)
Franco Nicolis, Elisabetta Mottes, Provincia autonoma di Trento, Michele Bassetti, Cora Società Archeologica, Elisabetta Castiglioni, Musei Civici di Como, Mauro Rottoli, Musei Civici di Como and Sara Ziggiotti
9: Pastoral Land Use and Climate between the 17th and 19th Century in the Italian Southern Alps (Pasubio Massif, Trento): A Preliminary Report
Marco Avanzini and Isabella Salvador, Museo delle Scienze, Trento
10: Alpine Huts, Livestock and Cheese in the Oberhasli Region (Switzerland): Medieval and Early Modern Building Remains and their Historical Context
Brigitte Andres, Independent Scholar
11: Driving Forces and Variability in the Exploitation of a High-altitude Landscape from the Neolithic to Medieval Periods in the Southern French Alps
Kevin Walsh, University of York, and Florence Mocci, Aix-Marseille Université
12: An Archaeological Approach to the Brañas: Summer Farms in the Pastures of the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain)
David González Álvarez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Margarita Fernández Mier, Universidad de León, and Pablo López Gómez, Universidad de Granada
13: Elusive Sel Sites: The Geoarchaeological Quest for Icelandic Shielings and the Case of Þorvaldsstaðasel, in Northeast Iceland Patrycja Kupiec, University of Aberdeen, Karen Milek, University of Aberdeen, Guðrún Alda Gísladóttir and James Woollett, Université Laval
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