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In 1910 Mexicans rebelled against an imperfect dictatorship; after 1940 they ended up with what some called the perfect dictatorship. A single party ruled Mexico for over seventy years, holding elections and talking about revolution while overseeing one of the world's most inequitable economies. The contributors to this groundbreaking collection revise earlier interpretations, arguing that state power was not based exclusively on hegemony, corporatism, or violence. Force was real, but it was also exercised by the ruled. It went hand-in-hand with consent, produced by resource regulation, political pragmatism, local autonomies and a popular veto. The result was a dictablanda: a soft authoritarian regime.This deliberately heterodox volume brings together social historians, anthropologists, sociologists, and political scientists to offer a radical new understanding of the emergence and persistence of the modern Mexican state. It also proposes bold, multidisciplinary approaches to critical problems in contemporary politics. With its blend of contested elections, authoritarianism, and resistance, Mexico foreshadowed the hybrid regimes that have spread across much of the globe. Dictablanda suggests how they may endure.
Contributors. Roberto Blancarte, Christopher R. Boyer, Guillermo de la PeÑa, MarÍa Teresa FernÁndez Aceves, Paul Gillingham, Rogelio HernÁndez RodrÍguez, Alan Knight, Gladys McCormick, TanalÍs Padilla, Wil G. Pansters, Andrew Paxman, Jaime Pensado, Pablo Piccato, Thomas Rath, Jeffrey W. Rubin, Benjamin T. Smith, Michael Snodgrass
Contents
Preface / Paul Gillingham vii Acknowledgments xv Glossary of Institutions and Acronyms xvii Introduction: The Paradoxes of Revolution / Paul Gillingham and Benjamin T. Smith 1 High and Low Politics 45 1. The End of the Mexican Revolution? From Cardenas to Aveila Camacho, 1937-1941 / Alan Knight 47 2. Intransigence, Anticommunism, and Reconciliation: Church/State Relations in Transition / Roberto Blancarte 70 3. Camouflaging the State: The Army and the Limits of Hegemony in PRIista Mexico, 1940-1960 / Thomas Rath 89 4. Strongmen and State Weakness / Rogelio Hernandez Rodriguez 108 5. Tropical Passion in the Desert: Gonzalo N. Santos and Local Elections in Nothern San Luis Potosi, 1943-1958 / Wil G. Pansters 126 6. "We Don't Have Arms, but We Do Have Balls": Fraud, Violience, and Popular Agency in Elections / Paul Gillingham 149 Work and Resource Regulation 173 7. The Golden Age of Charrismo: Workers, Braceros, and the Political Machinery of Postrevolutionary Mexico / Michael Snodgrass 175 8. The Forgotten Jaramillo: Building a Social Base of Support for Authoritarianism in Rural Mexico / Gladys McCormick 196 9. Community, Crony Capitalism, and Fortress Conservation in Mexican Forests / Christopher R. Boyer 217 10. Advocate or Cacica? Guadalupe Urzua Flores: Modernizer and Peasant Political Leader in Jalisco / Maria Teresa Fernandez Aceves 236 11. Building a State on the Cheap: Taxation, Social Movements, and Politics / Benjamin T. Smith 255 Culture and Ideology 277 12. The End of Revolutionary Anthropology? Notes on Indigenismo / Guillermo de la Pena 279 13. Cooling to Cinema and Warming to Television: State Mass Media Policy, 1940-1964 / Andrew Paxman 299 14. Pistoleros, Ley Fuga, and Uncertainty in Public Debates about Murder in Twentieth-Century Mexico / Pablo Piccato 321 15. Rural Education, Political Radicalism, and Normalista Identity in Mexico after 1940 / Tanalis Padilla 341 16. The Rise of a "National Student Problem" in 1956 / Jaime M. Pensado 360 Final Comments. Contextualizing the Regime: What 1938-1968 Tells Us about Mexico, Power, and Latin America's Twentieth Century / Jeffrey W. Rubin 379 Select Bibliography 397 Contributors 427 Index 429
