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Archbishop Angelo Roncali (later Pope John XXIII) read True and False Reform during his years as papal nuncio in France and asked, A reform of the church 'is such a thing really possible?" A decade later as pope, he opened the Second Vatican Council by describing its goals in terms that reflected Congar's description of authentic reform: reform that penetrates to the heart of doctrine as a message of salvation for the whole of humanity, that retrieves the meaning of prophecy in a living church, and that is deeply rooted in history rather than superficially related to the apostolic tradition. Pope John called the council not to reform heresy or to denounce errors but to update the church's capacity to explain itself to the world and to revitalize ecclesial life in all its unique local manifestations. Congar's masterpiece fills in the blanks of what we have been missing in our reception of the council and its call to "true reform."
Yves Congar, OP, a French Dominican who died in 1995, was the most important ecclesiologist in modern times. His writings and his active participation in Vatican II had an immense influence upon the council documents. With a few other contemporaries, Congar pioneered a new style of theological research and writing that linked the great tradition of Scripture and the Fathers to contemporary pastoral questions with lucidity and passion. His key concerns were the unity of the church, lay apostolic life, and a revival of the church's theology of the Holy Spirit. He was named a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in recognition of his profound contributions to the Second Vatican Council.
Paul Philibert, OP, has taught pastoral theology in the United States and abroad. He is a Dominican friar of the Southern Province. His translation of a collection of Congar's essays on the liturgy has recently been published by Liturgical Press under the title At the Heart of Christian Worship. His book The Priesthood of the Faithful: Key to a living Church (Liturgical Press, 2005) reflects the ecclesiology of Yves Congar and his Vision of the apostolic life of the faithful."
Contents
Contents
Translator's Introduction xi
Preface to the Second Edition (1967) 1
Foreword 9
The Methodology of This Study 11
The Plan of the Book 15
Introduction (1950) 19
. The Church Is Constantly Reforming Itself 19
II. Contemporary Self-Criticism and Reformism (Especially in France) 22
III. The Church Today: How Did Self-Criticism Become Suspect? 29
IV. Four Traits of Contemporary Self-Criticism 36
V. The Reasons for Today's Self-Criticism: A Passion for Authenticity 40
VI. Applying These Insights: The Need to Adapt or Revise 45
PART ONE
Why and How Does the Church Reform Itself?
1 THE CHURCH'S HOLINESS AND OUR FAILURES 55
I. The Point of View of Antiquity and That of the Present with Respect to the Problem of Evil in the Church 55
II. The Teachings of the Bible, the Fathers, and the Magisterium 62
Holy Scripture 63
The Fathers: Their Theology Is Essentially "Symbolic" 69
The Teaching of the Magisterium and of Theologians 76
III. Principles for a Solution: Several Meanings of the Word "Church" 82
God Alone Is Infallible 82
Two Aspects of the Church: Institution and Community 84
Four Meanings of the Word "Church" 88
Additional Remarks on This Theme 90
IV. Application of These Principles: Holiness and Failure in Light of the Different Meanings of Church 92
In Its Formal Principles (Given by God) the Church Is Infallible 92
As a People Made Up of Human Beings, the Church Is Fallible 95
The Church as the Ensemble of Churchmen or Hierarchical Persons 101
The Concrete Church, Synthesizing the Preceding Elements 111
Excursus: Evil in the Church in the View of Several Contemporary Theologians 114
2 WHY AND IN WHAT WAY DO THE PEOPLE OF GOD NEED TO BE REFORMED? 117
I. God's Plan and How God's People Should Respond to It: Situating the Problem of Reform 117
II. The Need for Reform in Light of the Temptation to "Pharisaism" 135
III. The Need for Reform in Light of the Temptation To Become a "Synagogue" 147
3 PROPHETS AND REFORMERS 169
Prophets: Their Role and Their Character 172
Prophecy in the Church 176
1. Specially Insightful Knowledge about the Things of God 178
2. A Knowledge or Mission Related to Executing God's Plan 183
3. Predicting the Future: "Natural Analogs of Prophecy" 185
The Reform Spirit and Prophecy 187
The Situation of Prophecy within the Church 188
The Perils of Prophetic Activity 189
Why St. Augustine Was a Source of Encouragement for Reformers 191
Schematic Table Summarizing These Points 194
PART TWO
Conditions for Authentic Reform Without Schism
The Problem 199
Possibility of Deviations in Any Reform Movement 199
The Ambivalence of "Seeds" 203
Möhler's Distinction: Gegensatz (Contrast) and Widerspruch (Contradiction) 205
Two Types of One-Sidedness 208
First Condition: The Primacy of Charity and of Pastoral Concerns 215
The Prophetic Initiative Should Not Develop into a System 215
Successful Reforms Were Motivated by Pastoral Concern 218
Reforms That Tried to Create a System Turned Out Badly 224
Second Condition: Remain in Communion with the Whole Church 229
The Whole Truth Is Grasped Only in Communion with the Whole Church 229
This Communion Makes the Difference between Catholic and Schismatic 232
Sentire cum Ecclesia 236
The Center and the Periphery 237
Need for Support from the Base 242
Need for Approval from the Central Powers of the Church 244
"Pneumatological" and "Prophetic" Functioning of the Hierarchy 248
Application of These Principles to Religious Orders (Troeltsch) 249
Being Connected to the Community 254
Communion Justifies the Possibility for a Breakthrough 256
The Responsibility of the Center to Listen to the Periphery 261
Third Condition: Having Patience with Delays 265
The Nature of Patience and Its Role 266
The Boastful Spirit of the Reformers 269
The Link between Impatience and an Intellectual and Dialectical Point of View 274
Blocked by the Church, the Impatient Reformer Appears to Be Persecuted 276
The Church Is Against Ultimatums and the Via Facti 277
The Church's Via Facti vs. the Wrong and Revolutionary Via Facti 280
The Tension that Results for the Faithful Reformer 283
Responsibility of Church Leaders Not to Be Too Patient 284
Fourth Condition: Genuine Renewal through a Return to the Principle of Tradition (Not through the Forced Introduction of Some "Novelty") 291
Two Kinds of Adaptation: As Development and as Innovation 291
Adaptation as Development Comes About through Ressourcement 293
The Church Needs to Live in Contact with Its Deepest Tradition 304
PART THREE
The Reformation and Protestantism
[omitted in this translation]
CONCLUSION
Perspectives on the Attitude to Take toward Concrete Reform Initiatives
A) About the Élan and Spirit of Reform in General 309
1) For or Against the Idea of Reform 309
2) Among Reformers, the Distinction between the Faithful and the Revolutionaries 321
Medieval Apostolic and Evangelical Movements 322
Sixteenth-Century Reforms 323
Lamennais and Lacordaire 329
B) Considering Contemporary Reform (Text from 1950) 335
1) Three Motives for Optimism about Contemporary Reforms (in France) 335
2) The Problem of a Divided Spirit among Catholics 337
AFTERWORD (July 1968) 341
APPENDIXES
Appendix I: Collective Responsibility 349
Appendix II: Two Types of Fidelity 365
Appendix III: His Holiness Paul VI Speaks about the Reform of the Church (From the Encyclical Ecclesiam Suam, August 6, 1964) 372
Index of Names 374
Index of Subjects 376
