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Full Description
The European Union (EU), along with the Council of Europe, NATO, and the Office of Security and Cooperation in Europe are regional organizations which, despite their different missions, all are designed to support democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. The EU has required that all of its candidate countries for potential and actual membership adhere to these three criteria, along with free market practices, since its 1993 Copenhagen, inter-governmental summit. In this book, experts have contributed chapters on the European record of induced improvements in a variety of countries.Current scholarship has debated whether the rational incentives of accession to membership (conditionality theory); the normative power of European identity (socialization theory); or international legal processes (institutional theory) have explained what some claim are significant improvements. Other scholars demur, arguing that the improvements have been superficial or ephemeral, or conversely, that real improvement would have occurred anyway. Still others argue that real improvements are reversible, especially after EU membership is attained and regimes revert to former or new ways that erode democratization. The EU and its peer institutions, they suggest, are not heavy anchors to democracy in periods of economic distress, rising nationalism and extremism. Yet others argue that out of these challenges, the EU has saved the Euro, built even stronger institutions, and remains a beacon of desired ideals and membership among countries that conceivably could graduate from its partner organizations and eventually join the EU as well. Each chapter assesses what difference the EU and other regional organizations have made in the record of a particular country. These country chapters include those: a) that were candidate countries and became member states (Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013); b) those that are now officially candidate countries (Iceland, Macedonia, and since 2014, Serbia); c) those have all signed Stabilization agreements, which are usually precursors of EU candidature (Montenegro, Bosnia, Albania, and since 2014, despite being regarded as too large, the Ukraine, and too poor, Moldova); and finally, d) a new country (Kosovo), despite its non-recognition by five EU member states, which nonetheless appears to be on the road to eventual EU candidacy. This study is a highly nuanced picture of a varying European record fraught with conflicting interests, but portraying a picture of outer Europe struggling to improve because it seeks membership in a still powerful supranational organization.
Contents
1. Introduction - Henry F. Carey and Trice Kabundi2. The EU and Human Rights in Turkey: Political Freedom Without Social Welfare - Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat And Thomas W. Smith3. The European Union and Turkey: Is Political Conditionality Promioting Democratization? - Paul Kubijeck4. Progress or Deterioration: The Effect of Human Rights and Democratization Policies and Actions by the European Union and the Council of Europe in Ukraine - Julio C. Perez-Bravo5. From Borderland to Heart of Europe? Ukraine's Engagement with the EU's Democratic Standards - Anna Fournier6. The European Union and Democratization in Moldova - Robert Weiner7. Has EU Conditionality Made a difference to Democratic Reforms and Human Rights Development on Montenegro? - Kathleen Barrett8. Broken Lance: The European Union's Unsuccessful Thrust toward Europe's South-East: The Case of Romania - Tom Gallagher9. What Difference did it make? Accession and Democratization in Postcommunist Bulgaria, 1989-2007 - Venelin I. Ganev10. Iceland's Democratic Challenges and Human Rights' Implications - Baldur Thorhallsson and Bjoerg Thoraensen11. Croatia's Difficult Path to European Union Membership - Teresa Cierco12. Bosnia and Herzegovina's Compliance with European Union Human Rights Conditionality - Vanja Petricevic13. The European Union, the ICTY, and the Challenge of Europeanization in Serbia - Jelena Subotic and Henry F. Carey14. Contemporary Politics in Kosovo: Independence, Democracy, & European Integration - Daniel Silander15. The Ontology of Human Rights Socialization: The Case of Albania - Ridvan Peshkopia16. Conditionality vs. Socialization: The EU's Impacts on Human Rights in Macedonia - Maria Koinova 17. Conclusion: What Difference does the EU Make for Human Rights and Democratization in the New Candidate Countries of Southeast Europe? - Henry F. Carey and Kathleen Barrett
