基本説明
Drawing on untapped sources, Anthony Chen chronicles the ironic, forgotten role played by American conservatives in the development of affirmative action.
Full Description
Where did affirmative action in employment come from? The conventional wisdom is that it was instituted during the Johnson and Nixon years through the backroom machinations of federal bureaucrats and judges. The Fifth Freedom presents a new perspective, tracing the roots of the policy to partisan conflicts over fair employment practices (FEP) legislation from the 1940s to the 1970s. Drawing on untapped sources, Anthony Chen chronicles the ironic, forgotten role played by American conservatives in the development of affirmative action. Decades before affirmative action began making headlines, millions of Americans across the country debated whether government could and should regulate job discrimination. On one side was an interfaith and interracial bloc of liberals, who demanded FEP legislation that would establish a centralized system for enforcing equal treatment in the labor market. On the other side was a bloc of business-friendly, small-government conservatives, who felt that it was unwise to "legislate tolerance" and who made common cause with the conservative wing of the Republican party.
Conservatives ultimately prevailed, but their obstruction of FEP legislation unintentionally facilitated the rise of affirmative action, a policy their ideological heirs would find even more abhorrent. Broadly interdisciplinary, The Fifth Freedom sheds new light on the role of parties, elites, and institutions in the policymaking process; the impact of racial politics on electoral realignment; the history of civil rights; the decline of New Deal liberalism; and the rise of the New Right.
Contents
List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xxi Chapter 1: On the Origins of Affirmative Action: Puzzles and Perspectives 1 Chapter 2: The Strange Career of Fair Employment Practices in National Politics and Policy, 1941-1960 32 Chapter 3: Experimenting with Civil Rights: The Politics of Ives-Quinn in New York State, 1941-1945 88 Chapter 4: Laboratories of Democracy? The Unsteady March of Fair Employment in the States, 1945-1964 115 Chapter 5: I Have a Dream Deferred: The Fall of Fair Employment and the Rise of Affirmative Action 170 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Implications 230 Appendix 255 Abbreviations in the Notes 287 Notes 291 Index 377
