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基本説明
Describes the practices of major organizations like the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Full Description
A comprehensive reference on state-of-the-art risk assessment methodologies for drinking water
Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water discusses the major steps and goals in risk assessments and suggests ways to improve the methodologies and accuracy, while consolidating up-to-date information on the current principles and practices in one authoritative reference. After an enlightening overview of risk assessment practices and regulatory guidelines, it:
Includes descriptions of the use of variability analysis, exposure analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and modeling for both cancer and non-cancer endpoints
Describes the practices of major organizations, including the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Includes complete chapters on risk assessment for essential nutrients, arsenic, chloroform, and perchlorate
Explains how to address susceptible sub-populations, including the elderly and infants and children, in risk assessments
Covers the potential of using genomic and proteomic screens
Addresses recent advances, emerging issues, and future challenges
With contributions and perspectives from leading scientists, this is the definitive resource for health and environmental scientists, toxicologists, risk assessors and managers, regulators, consultants, and other professionals responsible for the safety of drinking water.
Contents
Contributors ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Drinking Water Risk Assessment 1
Robert A. Howd
Development of Drinking Water Regulations 2
The Risk Assessment Process 8
Public Perceptions and the Precautionary Principle 13
References 14
2 Summary of the Development of Federal Drinking Water Regulations and Health-Based Guidelines for Chemical Contaminants 17
Joyce Morrissey Donohue and Wynne Maynor Miller
Selecting Candidates for Regulatory Consideration 19
Key Components for Regulatory Development 20
Development of Regulatory Values 28
Nonregulatory Options 30
References 32
3 Interpretation of Toxicologic Data for Drinking Water Risk Assessment 35
Robert A. Howd and Anna M. Fan
Animal Toxicity Studies 38
Human Toxicity Studies 47
Conclusions 57
References 57
4 Exposure Source and Multiroute Exposure Considerations for Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contaminants 67
Kannan Krishnan and Richard Carrier
Exposure Source Considerations in Risk Assessment 68
Routes of Exposure and Dose Calculations 72
References 86
5 Toxicokinetics for Drinking Water Risk Assessment 91
John C. Lipscomb
Evaluation of Toxicity Data 93
Toxicokinetics: PBPK Modeling 95
Risk Assessment 101
Conclusions 117
References 118
6 Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures in Drinking Water 123
Richard C. Hertzberg, Glenn E. Rice, Linda K. Teuschler, J. Michael Wright and Jane E. Simmons
Drinking Water Mixture Concerns 124
Estimating Exposures to Multiple Chemicals in Drinking Water 130
Toxicological Concepts for Joint Toxicity 139
Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment Methods 143
New Approaches for Assessing Risk from Exposure to Drinking Water Mixtures 155
Conclusions 162
References 163
7 Protection of Infants Children and Other Sensitive Subpopulations 171
George V. Alexeeff and Melanie A. Marty
Factors Influencing Differences in Susceptibility Between Infants and Children and Adults 173
Critical Systems and Periods in Development 185
Age at Exposure and Susceptibility to Carcinogens 189
Drinking Water Standards Developed to Protect Sensitive Subpopulations 190
References 192
8 Risk Assessment for Essential Nutrients 201
Joyce Morrissey Donohue
Assessment Approaches 203
Comparison of Guideline Values 206
Risk Assessment Recommendations 210
References 211
9 Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Drinking Water 213
Joseph P. Brown
Occurrence and Exposure 214
Metabolism 216
Health Effects 221
Risk Assessment 245
Conclusions 250
References 252
10 Risk Assessment for Chloroform Reconsidered 267
Richard Sedman
Carcinogenic Effects 268
Noncancer Toxic Effects 268
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity 271
Regulation of Cancer Risk 280
Discussion 281
References 283
11 Risk Assessment of a Thyroid Hormone Disruptor: Perchlorate 287
David Ting
Background 287
Human Health Risk Assessment 292
Risk Characterization and Conclusions 296
References 298
12 Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water: A California Perspective 303
Steven A. Book and David P. Spath
Emerging Chemicals of the Recent Past 304
Newer Emerging Contaminants 306
Future Emerging Chemicals 306
Conclusions 311
References 312
13 U.S. EPA Drinking Water Field Office Perspectives and Needs for Risk Assessment 315
Bruce A. Macler
The Nature of Regulatory Risk Assessments 315
Use of Drinking Water Risk Information in EPA Field Offices 318
Conclusions 322
References 322
14 Risk Assessment: Emerging Issues Recent Advances and Future Challenges 325
Anna M. Fan and Robert A. Howd
Emerging Issues 326
Advances in Science Approaches and Methods 332
Conclusions 357
References 359
Index 365
