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Full Description
Most modern surfactants are readily biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity in the aquatic environment, the two criteria for green surfactants. However the majority are synthesised from petroleum, so over the past decade the detergent industry has turned its attention to developing greener routes to create these surfactants via renewable building blocks. Surfactants from Renewable Resources presents the latest research and commercial applications in the emerging field of sustainable surfactant chemistry, with emphasis on production technology, surface chemical properties, biodegradability, ecotoxicity, market trends, economic viability and life-cycle analysis.
Reviewing traditional sources for renewable surfactants as well as recent advances, this text focuses on techniques with potential for large scale application.
Topics covered include:
Renewable hydrophobes from natural fatty acids and forest industry by-products
Renewable hydrophiles from carbohydrates, amino acids and lactic acid
New ways of making renewable building blocks; ethylene from renewable resources and complex mixtures from waste biomass
Biosurfactants
Surface active polymers
This book is a valuable resource for industrial researchers in companies that produce and use surfactants, as well as academic researchers in surface and polymer chemistry, sustainable chemistry and chemical engineering.
Contents
Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Contributors xix
Part 1 Renewable Hydrophobes 1
1 Surfactants Based on Natural Fatty Acids 3
Martin Svensson
1.1 Introduction and History 3
1.2 Fats and Oils as Raw Materials 4
1.3 Fatty Acid Soaps 5
1.4 Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters 10
1.5 Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters 11
1.6 Conclusions 13
References 15
2 Nitrogen Derivatives of Natural Fats and Oils 21
Ralph Franklin
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Manufacture of Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives 22
2.3 Production Data 30
2.4 Ecological Aspects 30
2.5 Biodegradation 31
2.6 Properties of Nitrogen-Based Surfactants 33
2.7 Applications 35
2.8 Conclusions 39
References 40
3 Surface-Active Compounds as Forest-Industry By-Products 45
Bjarne Holmbom, Anna Sundberg and Anders Strand
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Resin and Fatty Acids 46
3.3 Sterols and Sterol Ethoxylates 54
3.4 Hemicelluloses 56
Acknowledgements 58
References 59
Part 2 Renewable Hydrophiles 63
4 Surfactants Based on Carbohydrates and Proteins for Consumer Products and Technical Applications 65
Karlheinz Hill
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Raw Materials 65
4.3 Products and Applications 67
4.4 Conclusion 81
Acknowledgements 81
References 81
5 Amino Acids, Lactic Acid and Ascorbic Acid as Raw Materials for Biocompatible Surfactants 85
Carmen Moran, Lourdes Perez, Ramon Pons, Aurora Pinazo and Maria Rosa Infante
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Production of Raw Materials 86
5.3 Lysine-Based Surfactants 87
5.4 Lactic Acid-Based Surfactants 94
5.5 Ascorbic Acid-Based Surfactants 97
References 100
Part 3 New Ways of Making Renewable Building Blocks 109
6 Ethylene from Renewable Resources 111
Anna Lundgren and Thomas Hjertberg
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Why Produce Ethylene from Renewable Resources? 113
6.3 Production of Ethylene from Renewable Feedstock 115
6.4 Commercialization of Bioethylene 121
6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioethylene 123
6.6 Certificate of Green Carbon Content 124
6.7 Concluding Remarks 125
References 125
7 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks for Renewable Resource-Based Surfactants 127
Kris Arvid Berglund, Ulrika Rova and David B. Hodge
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Existing and Potential Classes of Surfactants from Biologically Derived Metabolites 129
7.3 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks with Large Existing Markets 131
7.4 New Fermentation-Based Building Blocks 133
7.5 Conclusion 138
References 138
Part 4 Biosurfactants 143
8 Synthesis of Surfactants Using Enzymes 145
Patrick Adlercreutz and Rajni Hatti-Kaul
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Synthesis of Surfactants 146
8.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Polar Lipids Useful as Surfactants 147
8.4 Carbohydrate Esters 148
8.5 Fatty Amide Surfactants 151
8.6 Amino Acid-Based Surfactants 155
8.7 Alkyl Glycosides 158
8.8 Future Prospects 160
Acknowledgements 161
References 161
9 Surfactants from Waste Biomass 167
Flor Yunuen García-Becerra, David Grant Allen and Edgar Joel Acosta
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Surfactants Obtained from Biological Transformation of Waste Biomass 168
9.3 Surfactants Obtained from Chemical Transformation of Waste Biomass 177
9.4 Summary and Outlook 185
References 185
10 Lecithin and Other Phospholipids 191
Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen
10.1 Introduction 191
10.2 Sources and Production 191
10.3 Composition 195
10.4 Quality and Analysis of Lecithins 196
10.5 Modification 198
10.6 Emulsifying Properties 203
10.7 Applications 206
10.8 Legislation and Reach 209
10.9 Conclusion 211
References 211
11 Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 213
Dirk W. G. Develter and Steve J. J. Fleurackers
11.1 Sophorolipids 213
11.2 Derivatives of Native Sophorolipids 224
11.3 Biosynthesis of Novel Sophorolipids 227
11.4 Rhamnolipids 230
11.5 Cleaning Applications Using Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 234
References 236
12 Saponin-Based Surfactants 239
Wieslaw Oleszek and Arafa Hamed
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Molecular Properties 240
12.3 Sources of Saponins 242
12.4 Saponins as Emulsifiers and Surfactants 242
12.5 Application of Saponins as Surfactants and Emulsifiers 245
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
Part 5 Polymeric Surfactants/Surface-Active Polymers 251
13 Surface-Active Polymers from Cellulose 253
Leif Karlson
13.1 Introduction 253
13.2 Structure and Synthesis of Cellulose Ether 254
13.3 Cellulose Ethers in Aqueous Solution 257
13.4 Interaction with Surfactants 262
13.5 Clouding 263
References 265
14 New Developments in the Commercial Utilization of Lignosulfonates 269
Rolf Andreas Lauten, Bernt O. Myrvold and Stig Are Gundersen
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 Lignosulfonates 269
14.3 Lignosulfonate Production 271
14.4 Environmental Issues 272
14.5 Lignosulfonates as Stabilizers for Emulsions and Suspoemulsions 274
14.6 Superplasticizers for Concrete 279
14.7 Summary 280
Acknowledgements 281
References 281
15 Dispersion Stabilizers Based on Inulin 285
Tharwat Tadros and Bart Levecke
15.1 Introduction 285
15.2 Solution Properties of Long-Chain Inulin and Hydrophobically Modified Inulin (HMI) 288
15.3 Interfacial Aspects of HMI at Various Interfaces 289
15.4 Emulsions Stabilized Using HMI 290
15.5 Emulsion Polymerization Using HMI 293
15.6 Use of HMI for Preparation and Stabilization of Nanoemulsions 295
References 300
Index 303
