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Full Description
This comprehensive introduction to estimating explains all of the procedures for builders and construction managers to successfully compile construction costs. Clear and concise text demonstrates the how's and why's of the estimating process, giving a practical approach, with chapters organized according to the CSI MasterFormat system and in an intuitive, step-by-step approach within the chapters. Using various types of buildings as examples, this survey is illustrated throughout and includes the forms and tables needed to facilitate this essential part of the construction process.
Contents
Part I -- Introduction Chapter 1 -- Introduction 1.1 Learning Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 The Project Delivery System and estimating 1.3.1 Traditional (Design-Bid-Build) System Estimating in the Planning Phase Estimating in the Schematic Design Estimating in the Design Development Phases Estimating in the Construction Document Preparation Phase Contract Negotiation Phase Construction Phase Post Construction Phase 1.3.2 Construction Management (Agency) 1.3.3 Construction Management at risk 1.3.4 Design/Build system 1.4 Estimating Standards 1.5 Mathematics and Estimating 1.6 The Evolution of an Estimate 1.7 Chapter Summary 1.8 Selected References 1.9 Key Terms 1.10 Review Questions 1.11 Exercises Chapter 2 - The Role of Estimating in Construction 2.1 Learning Objectives 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Characteristics of a good estimator 2.4 The estimators working environment 2.5 Employment Opportunities in Estimating 2.6 Chapter Summary 2.7 Selected References 2.8 Key Terms 2.9 Review Questions 2.10 Exercises Chapter 3 - The Preliminary Estimating Process 3.1 Learning Objectives 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Adjusting Historical Data to Estimate a Current Project Adjusting for size Adjusting for location Adjusting for construction date 3.3 Using OmniClass Formatting Table 22 (Uniformat II) Table 23 (Master Format) 3.4 Planning Phase Estimates 3.5 Schematic/Conceptual Design Phase Estimates 3.6 Design Development Phase Estimates 3.7 Chapter Summary 3.8 Selected References 3.9 Key Terms 3.10 Review Questions 3.11 Exercises Chapter 4 - The Detailed Estimating and Bidding Process 4.1 Learning Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Finding Projects to Bid 4.4 Deciding to Bid 4.5 Obtaining and Reviewing the Bid Package 4.6 Planning the Estimating Process 4.7 Making the Takeoff 4.8 Notifying Subcontractors 4.9 Material Request for Quotes 4.10 Equipment Request for Quotes 4.11 Preliminary Construction Schedule 4.12 Site Investigation 4.13 Pricing the Work 4.14 Management Review (Bid Analysis) 4.15 Pre-Bid Meeting 4.16 Preparing, and Submitting the Bid 4.17 Construction and Post-Construction Phase Duties 4.18 Residential and Light Construction Variations 4.19 Process Variations for Subcontractors 4.20 Chapter Summary 4.21 Selected References 4.23 Key Terms 4.23 Review Questions 4.24 Exercises Chapter 5 Computers and the Estimating Process 5.1 Learning Objectives 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Online Plan Rooms 5.4 Preparing and Transmitting Bid Documents 5.5 Onscreen Takeoffs 5.6 Pricing Databases 5.7 Using Excel for Estimating 5.7.1 Takeoff 5.7.2 Pricing 5.7.3 Bid Analysis 5.8 Dedicated Estimating Software 5.9 Building Information Modeling (BIM) 5.9.1 Designing in BIM 5.9.2 Constructability Review 5.9.3 Scheduling and Sequencing 5.9.4 Cost estimating 5.9.5 Procurement Data 5.9.6 Making BIM work for Estimating//8-336 5.10 Chapter Summary 5.11 Selected References 5.12 Key Terms 5.13 Review Questions 5.14 Excercises Part II -- Applying the Detailed Estimating Process Continues with a detailed breakdown of the estimating procedure. The intent here is to include the steps involved in the estimating a project that are common to all types of buildings and building systems. Estimating methods that are specific to various building systems are further detailed in Part III. Chapter 6 - Obtaining and Reviewing the Bid Package 6.1 Learning Objectives 6.2 Introduction 6.3 The Project Manual 6.3.1 Bidding Requirements 6.3.2 Contract Forms 6.3.3 Conditions of the Contract 6.3.4 Technical Specifications 6.4 The Drawings 6.4.1 Civil Drawings 6.4.2 Architectural Drawings 6.4.3 Structural Drawings 6.4.4 Electrical Drawings 6.4.5 Mechanical Drawings 6.4.6 Other Drawings 6.5 Chapter Summary 6.6 Selected References 6.7 Key Terms 6.8 Review Questions 6.9 Exercises Chapter 7 - Quantity Takeoff 7.1 Learning Objectives 7.2 Introduction 7.3 The Work Breakdown Structure 7.4 The Takeoff Sequence 7.5 Formulas and Units 7.6 Documenting the Takeoff (procedure, forms, using computers) 7.7 Takeoff Methods and Conventions 7.8 Automated Takeoff Methods 7.9 Chapter Summary 7.10 Selected References 7.11 Key Terms 7.12 Review Questions 7.13 Exercises Chapter 8 - Pricing 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Pricing Methodology 8.4 Material Costs 8.5 Labor Costs 8.6 Equipment 8.7 Sub-Contractors 8.8 Project Overhead Costs (General Conditions) 8.9 General Overhead(schedule dependent) 8.10 Profit and Contingencies 8.11 Pricing for Unit Price Contracts 8.12 Chapter Summary 8.13 Selected References 8.14 Key Terms 8.15 Review Questions 8.16 Exercises Chapter 9 - Bid Analysis 9.1 Learning Objectives 9.2 Introduction 9.3 Evaluating Quantity Takeoff 9.4 Evaluating Pricing 9.5 Evaluating Subcontract Bids 9.6 Evaluating Equipment Utilization and Costs 9.7 Preparing and Submitting the Bid 9.8 Chapter Summary 9.9 Selected References 9.10 Key Terms 9.11 Review Questions 9.12 Exercises Chapter 10 -- Construction Phase Duties 10.1 Learning Objectives 10.2 Introduction 10.3 Buyout 10.4 Change Orders 10.5 Collecting Historical data 10.6 Chapter Summary 10.7 Selected References 10.8 Key Terms 10.9 Review Questions 10.10 Exercises Part III Takeoff and Pricing Details by Discipline This group of chapters is organized according to the Construction Specifications Institute's (CSI) MasterFormat 2010. This is the latest version of the widely recognized system for organizing construction information. In this way students are introduced to estimating techniques that are unique to each building system. Each chapter uses the same template to present estimating details in a tabular format as much as possible, listing standard Quantity Takeoff Units, Material Purchase Units, Labor Units and other system specific information. A checklist is also included in a sidebar or graphic, followed by takeoff and pricing tips. Chapter 11 -- Concrete 11.1 Learning Objectives 11.2 Introduction 11.3 Overview of Materials 11.3.1 Ready Mix Concrete 11.3.2 Formwork Keyways (LF) Rustication (lf) Chamfer (lf) Wall Ties (ea) Forms (sfca) 11.3.3 Reinforcing 11.3.4 Embedded Accessories and 11.3.5 Finishing 11.3.6 Curing 11.3.7 Waste Allowance 11.4 Overview of Labor 11.4.1 Forming 11.4.2 Steel Reinforcement 11.4.3 Setting Accessories 11.4.4 Placing Concrete 11.4.5 Finishing 11.4.6 Curing 11.5 Overview of Equipment 11.5.1 Mechanical Screeds 11.5.2 Control Joint Saw 11.5.3 Crane for placing reinforcing 11.5.4 Motorized Finishers 11.6 Special Factors that affect takeoff and pricing 11.6.1 Effects of Weather on Pricing Costs of Water for Curing Costs of Heating Additives Windscreens Fuel Severe Storm Damage 11.6.2 Non-modular dimensions 11.7 Estimating Concrete Footings 11.8 Estimating Piers/Columns 11.9 Flatwork 11.10 Concrete Walls 11.11 Cast in place piles 11.12 Pile Caps 11.13 Concrete Stairs 11.14 Field Testing during construction 11.15 Precast Concrete 11.16 Summary and Checklist 11.17 Selected References 11.18 Review Questions 11.19 Excercises Chapter 12 -- Masonry 12.1 Learning Objectives 12.2 Introduction 12.3 Overview of Materials 12.3.1 Masonry Units 12.3.1.1 Materials 12.3.1.2 Finishes 12.3.1.3 Sizes 12.3.1.4 Type of Bond 12.3.2 Mortar 12.3.3 Reinforcing 12.3.3 Finishes 12.3.4 Accessories 12.4 Overview of Labor 12.5 Overview of Equipment 12.6 Special Factors that affect takeoff and pricing 12.7 Fireplaces 12.8 Veneer walls 12.9 Reinforced Masonry Walls 12.10 Unreinforced Masonry Walls 12.11 Summary and Checklist 12.12 Selected References 12.13 Review Questions 12.14 Exercises Chapter 13 -- Estimating Metals 13.1 Learning Objectives 13.1 Introduction 13.3 Overview of Materials 13.3.1 Structural Steel 13.3.2 Open-Web Steel Joists 13.3.3 Metal Decking 13.3.4 Light-Gauge Metal Framing 13.3.5 Miscellaneous Steel 13.3.6 Miscellaneous Accessories 13.4 Overview of Labor 13.4.1 Structural Steel 13.4.2 Open-Web Steel Joists 13.4.3 Metal Decking 13.4.4 Light-Gauge Metal Framing 13.4.5 Miscellaneous Steel 13.4.6 Miscellaneous Accessories 13.5 Overview of Equipment 13.5.1 Structural Steel 13.5.2 Open-Web Steel Joists 13.5.3 Metal Decking 13.5.4 Light-Gauge Metal Framing 13.5.5 Miscellaneous Steel 13.5.6 Miscellaneous Accessories 13.6 Summary and Checklist 13.7 Selected References 13.8 Review Questions 13.9 Exercises Chapter 14 -- Estimating Carpentry 14.1 Learning Objectives 14.2 Introduction What is included where is it used Who is doing the work Trends 14.3 Rough Carpentry Materials 14.3.1 Rough carpentry(framing and sheathing) 14.3.1.1 Dimensional lumber 14.3.1.2 Sheathing 14.3.1.3 Laminate Veneer Lumber (LVL) 14.3.1.4 Glulam lumber 14.3.1.5 I-Joists 14.3.1.6 Shop Fabricated Trusses 14.3.1.7 Plastic Wood 14.3.1.8 Hardware 14.4 Finish Carpentry Material 14.4.1 Exterior Finish Carpentry 14.4.2 Interior Finish Carpentry(trim, cabinetry, stairways) 14.4.3 Millwork 14.4.3.1 Cabinets and other Built-ins 14.4.3.2 Stairs 14.4.3.3 Columns 14.5 Overview of Labor 14.6 Overview of Equipment 14.7 Floor Framing Assembly 14.8 Wall Framing Assembly 14.10 Roof/Ceiling Assembly 14.10.1 Ceiling joists 14.10.2 Rafters 14.10.3 Ridges 14.10.4 Sheathing 14.10.5 Trusses Gable Roofs Hip roofs 14.11Miscellaneous additional components 14.12 Summary and Checklist 14.13 Selected References 14.14 Review Questions 14.15 Excercises Chapter 15 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 15.1 Learning Objectives 15.2 Introduction 15.3 Overview of Materials, Labor, and Equipment 15.4 Waterproofing and Damproofing 15.5 Insulation 15.6 Vapor barriers 15.7 Air Infiltration Barrier 15.8 Roofing 15.9 Fireproofing 15.10 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 15.11 Summary and Checklist 15.12 Selected References 15.13 Review Questions 15.14 Excercises Chapter 16 - Doors and Windows 16.1 Learning Objectives 16.2 Introduction 16.3 Overview of Materials, Labor and Equipment 16.4 Hollow Metal Frames and Doors 16.5 Wood Doors and Frames 16.6 Sliding Glass Doors 16.7 Specialty Doors 16.8 Overhead Doors 16.9 Entrances and Storefronts 16.10 Wood and Plastic Windows 16.11 Metal Windows 16.12 Finish Hardware 16.13 Glass and Glazing 16.14 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 16.15 Summary and Checklist 16.16 Selected References 16.17 Review Questions 16.18 Excercises Chapter 17 -- Finishes 17.1 Learning Objectives 17.2 Introduction 17.3 Overview of Materials, Labor, and Equipment 17.4 Stucco and Plaster 17.5 Gypsum Wallboard 17.6 Tile 17.7 Acoustical Ceiling - 17.8 Flooring 17.8.1Wood Flooring 17.8.2Resilient flooring 17.8.3 Carpeting 17.8.4 Tile flooring 17.9 Painting 17.10 Wall coverings 17.11 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 17.12 Summary and Checklist 17.13 Selected References 17.14 Review Questions 17.15 Excercises Chapter 18 -- Miscellaneous Work Packages 18.1 Learning Objectives 18.2 Introduction 18.3 Overview of Materials, Labor, and Equipment 18.4 Specialties (Division 10) 18.5 Equipment (Division 11) 18.6 Furnishings (Division 12) 18.7 Special Construction (Division 13) 18.8 Conveying Systems (Division 14) 18.9 Component 1 18.10 Component 2 18.11 Component 3 18.12 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 18.13 Summary and Checklist 18.14 Selected References 18.15 Review Questions 18.16 Excercises Chapter 19 -- Plumbing 19.1 Learning Objectives 19.2 Introduction What is included where is it used Who is doing the work Trends 19.3 Overview of Materials, Labor, and Equipment 19.3 Water Supply Piping 19.4 Waste and Vent Piping 19.5 Storm Water Piping 19.6 Interconnectivity 19.7 Fixtures 19.8 Installed Equipment 19.9 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 19.10 Summary and Checklist 19.11 Selected References 19.12 Review Questions 19.13 Excercises Chapter 20 -- Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 20.1 Learning Objectives 20.2 Introduction What is included where is it used Who is doing the work Trends 20.3 Overview of Materials, Labor, and Equipment 20.4 Ductwork 20.5 Heat Pump 20.6 Chillers 20.7 Fuel Fired Boilers 20.8 Electric Furnace 20.9 Air Handling Units 20.10 Ventilation Fans 20.11 Cooling Compressors 20.12 Cooling Condensers 20.13 Solar Thermal Units 20.x (Work items) 20.x (Work items) 20.x (Work items) 20.x (Work items) 20.x (Work items) 20.x (Work items) 20.x Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 20.x Summary and Checklist 20.x Selected References 20.x Review Questions 20.x Excercises Chapter 21 -- Electrical 21.1 Learning Objectives 21.2 Introduction What is included where is it used Who is doing the work Trends 21.3 Overview of Materials 21.3.1 Service Entrances 21.3.2 Raceways 21.3.3 Conductors and Grounding 21.3.4 Wiring Devices and Boxes 21.3.5 Starters, Boards, and Switches 21.3.6 Lighting 21.3.7 Special Systems 21.4 Overview of Labor 21.4.1 Service Entrances 21.4.2 Raceways 21.4.3 Conductors and Grounding 21.4.4 Wiring Devices and Boxes 21.4.5 Starters, Boards, and Switches 21.4.6 Lighting 21.4.7 Special Systems 21.5 Overview of Equipment 21.5.1 Service Entrances 21.5.2 Raceways 21.5.3 Conductors and Grounding 21.5.4 Wiring Devices and Boxes 21.5.5 Starters, Boards, and Switches 21.5.6 Lighting 21.5.7 Special Systems 21.6 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 21.x (Work items) 21.x (Work items) 21.x (Work items) 21.x (Work items) 21.x (Work items) 21.x (Work items) 21.x Summary and Checklist 21.x Selected References 21.x Review Questions 21.x Excercises Chapter 22 -- Estimating Sitework 22.1 Learning Objectives 22.2 Introduction 22.3 Overview of Materials 22.4 Overview of Labor 22.5Overview of Equipment 22.6 Special Factors that Affect Takeoff and Pricing 22.7 Site Preparation 22.7.1 Clearing 22.7.2 Grubbing 22.7.3 Stripping and Stockpiling of Topsoil. 22.8 Bulk Excavation 22.8.1 (Method 1) 22.8.2 (Method 2) 22.9 Trench and Foundation Excavation 22.10 Shoring and Bracing 22.11 Backfill 22.12 Hauling 22.13 Rock Removal 22.14 Piping & Precast Structures 22.15 Paving & Subbase Preparation 22.16 Curbing 22.17 Dewatering 22.18 Landscape and Irrigation 22.19 Utilities and Drainage 22.20 Miscellaneous Site Improvements 22.21 Demolition 22.22 Summary and Checklist 22.23 Selected References 22.24 Review Questions 22.25 Excercises Chapter 23 - Estimating General Conditions 23.1 Learning Objectives 23.2 Introduction 23.3 Scheduling 23.4 Supervision 23.5 Other Undistributed Labor 23.6 Temporary Structures 23.7 Job Office Supplies 23.8 Temporary Utilities 23.9 Safety Requirements 23.10 Miscellaneous Equipment 23.11 Documentation and Security 23.12 Professional Services during Construction 23.13 Waste Management 23.14 Weather Related Costs 23.15 Labor Burden 23.16 Bonds 23.17 Insurance 23.18 Summary and Checklist 23.19 Selected References 23.20 Review Questions 23.21 Exercises Chapter 24 -- Ethics and Estimating 24.1 Objectives 24.2 Introduction 24.3 Pre-Bid Ethics 24.4 Post-Bid Ethics 24.5 Chapter Summary 24.6 Selected References 24.7 Key Terms 24.8 Review Questions 24.9 Exercises Part IV Appendix Appendix A- Glossary Appendix B -- Acronyms and Trade Associations Appendix C-- About the CD Appendix D - Unit Conversions Appendix E - Essential Math for Estimating Appendix F - Manual Forms Appendix G - CSI Masterformat Appendix H - Uniformat II Appendix I - Symbols and Abbreviations Appendix J - Professional Estimating Organizations Appendix K - Microsoft Excel basics Appendix L -- Estimating Software Products Appendix M -- Checklists Appendix N - Plans and Specifications for use with chapter exercises and problems
