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This collection of essays presents a synthesis of current research on the Oxus Civilization, which rose and developed at the turn of the 3rd to 2nd millennia BC in Central Asia. First discovered in the 1970s, the Oxus Civilization, or the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), has engendered many different interpretations, which are explored in this volume by an international group of archaeologists and researchers. Contributors cover all aspects of this fascinating Bronze Age culture: architecture; material culture; grave goods; religion; migrations; and trade and interactions with neighboring civilizations, from Mesopotamia to the Indus, and the Gulf to the northern steppes. Chapters also examine the Oxus Civilization's roots in previous local cultures, explore its environmental and chronological context, or the possibly coveted metal sources, and look into the reasons for its decline.The World of the Oxus Civilization offers a broad and fascinating examination of this society, and provides an invaluable updated resource for anyone working on the culture, history, and archaeology of this region and on the multiple interactions at work at that time in the ancient Near East.
Contents
Introduction Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. DubovaPART I: THE OXUS CIVILIZATION BACKGROUND 1. Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova2. The Oxus Civilization and Mesopotamia: a philologist's point of view 6Micha e l Guichard3. Environmental changes in Bactria and Sogdiana (Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan) from the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age: interaction with human occupation Eric Fouache, Lucie Cez, Val e rie Andrieu- Ponel, and Rocco Rante4. The rise of the early urban civilization in southwestern Central Asia: from the Middle Chalcolithic to the Middle Bronze Age insouthern Turkmenistan Ljubov' B. KirchoPART II: THE "CORE AREA" 5. The architecture of the Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture Ruslan G. Muradov6. Some thoughts on the imaginary representations in the Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture Elena V. Antonova7. Myths and gods in the Oxus Civilization Annie Caubet8. BMAC glyptics: typology, context, function, and background Sylvia Winkelmann9. Chlorite containers from the Oxus Civilization: between technical choices and iconographic codes Massimo Vidale10. The "Royal Necropolis" at Gonur Depe: an attempt at systematization (plan, constructions, rituals) Nadezhda A. Dubova11. Polychrome inlayed and painted mosaics from Gonur Depe (Turkmenistan) Nadezhda A. Dubova12. Animal burials at Gonur Depe Robert M. Sataev13. Funerary rituals and archaeothanatological data from BMAC graves at Ulug Depe (Turkmenistan) and Dzharkutan (Uzbekistan) Julio Bendezu- Sarmiento14. Bioarchaeology of the BMAC population: a short review Vladimir V. Kufterin15. Animal exploitation at Gonur Depe Robert M. Sataev16. Life in the countryside: the rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture Kai Kaniuth17. Who interacted with whom? Redefi ning the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan Barbara Cerasetti18. The end of the Oxus Civilization Elise LuneauPART III: THE "SURROUNDING AREAS" 19. The BMAC presence in eastern Iran: state of affairs in December 2018 - towards the Greater Khorasan Civilization? Raffaele Biscione and Ali A. Vahdati20. The relationship between the Oxus Civilization and the Indo- Iranian borderlands Benjamin Mutin and C.C. Lamberg- Karlovsky21. Interaction between the worlds of South Asia and Central Asia Shereen Ratnagar22. The Oxus Civilization/ BMAC and its interaction with the Arabian Gulf: a review of the evidence Pierre Lombard23. The formation of the Oxus Civilization/ BMAC in southwestern TajikistanNatal'ja M. Vinogradova24. The Zeravshan regional variant of the Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Complex: interaction between two cultural worlds Nona A. Avanesova25. The "classical Vakhsh culture": a Bronze Age culture of the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC in southern Tajikistan Mike Teufer26. The Oxus Civilization and the northern steppes Gian Luca BonoraPART IV: METALS AND METAL DEPOSITS27. Archaeometallurgical studies on BMAC artifacts Steffen Kraus28. Metal sources (tin and copper) and the BMAC Jennifer Garner29. The acquisition of tin in Bronze Age Southwest Asia Vincent C. PigottAppendix: Radiocarbon dates related to the BMAC/ Oxus Civilization Michel Fontugne, Ganna I. Zajtseva, Bertille Lyonnet, Nadezhda A. Dubova, and Natalja D. Burova
