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Full Description
Electronicsgap between physical principles and pragmatic circuit design. The authors introduce students to the physics behind the electronics, rather than presenting various tips on circuit building. As a result, students develop an intuition about how devices actually work by building a strong conceptual foundation.
Contents
Contents1 Linear DC Circuits 151.1 Circuit Elements. The Water Analogy 1.2 Ohm's Law and Power Loss in Resistors 1.3 The Voltage Divider. Circuit Inputs and Outputs 1.4 Kirchho?'s Laws 1.5 Equivalent Circuits and Current Sources 1.6 Understanding the Equipment: Multimeter1.7 Application: Four-Lead Measurements 1.8 The Physics and Chemistry of Batteries 1.9 Extra Problems 2 Linear AC Circuits 2.1 The Water Analogy for AC Circuit Elements 2.2 Derivation of Capacitor Behavior 2.3 Derivation of Inductor Behavior 2.4 Intrinsic Time Constants 2.5 Complex Impedance 2.6 Decibels and Signal Level 2.7 Advanced Topic. Fourier Transforms 2.8 Resonant Circuits and Bandpass Filters 2.9 Understanding the Equipment: Oscilloscope 2.10 Understanding the Equipment: Function Generator 2.11 Extra Problems 3 Transmission Lines and Signal Propagation 3.1 Circuit Model of a Transmission Line 3.2 Impedance of a Transmission Line 3.3 Reection of Signals at Interfaces. Impedance Matching 3.4 Advanced Topic. Degradation of Signals in Transmission Lines 3.4.1 A Cable with Resistance 3.4.2 A Cable with Dispersion 3.5 Understanding the Equipment: Pulse Generator 3.6 Transformers 3.6.1 Inductive Transformers 3.6.2 Capacitive Field Coupling 3.7 Generators and Three-Phase Power 3.8 Antennas and Radiation Loss 3.9 Noise Reduction Methods 3.9.1 Balanced-Unbalanced Conversion. Ground Loops 3.9.2 Shielding 3.10 Advanced Topic. Spectral Analysis and Electrical Noise 3.10.1 Thermal Noise 3.10.2 Shot Noise 3.10.3 Phase Fluctuations 3.11 Understanding the Equipment: Spectral Analyzer 3.12 Extra Problems 4 Introduction to Nonlinear Circuit Elements 4.1 Water Analogy for Diodes 4.2 Bands and Band Gaps 4.3 Semiconductors 4.3.1 Electrons in Periodic Crystals 4.3.2 Holes 4.3.3 Semiconductor Doping4.4 Interfaces and Band Bending 4.4.1 Metal-to-Metal Junctions. Thermocouples 4.4.2 Doped Semiconductor Interfaces 4.4.3 Metal Contacts and Surface States 4.4.4 Junctions with Undoped Semiconductors 4.5 Diodes and Rectiers 4.5.1 Rectiers 4.5.2 The Concept of Dynamic Resistance 4.5.3 Zener Diodes 4.5.4 Tunnel Diodes. Negative Dynamic Resistance 4.5.5 Schottky Diodes. Recovery Time of Diodes 4.6 Advanced Topic. Chaos in Diode Circuits 4.7 Varistors. Tunneling Resistance 4.8 Fuses 4.9 Extra Problems 5 Transistors 5.1 Water Analogy for Transistors 5.2 Bipolar Transistors 5.3 Basic Bipolar Transistor Circuits 5.3.1 Follower. Input and Output Impedance 5.3.2 Current Source. The Concept of Negative Feedback 5.3.3 Inverting Amplier 5.3.4 Di?erential Amplier 5.3.5 Advanced Topic. Push-Pull. Amplier Classes 5.3.6 Advanced Topic. Temperature Compensation 5.4 Field-E?ect Transistors 5.4.1 JFETs . 5.4.2 MOSFETs 5.4.3 Advanced Topic. Estimation of the Saturation Current in FETs 5.4.4 General properties of FETs 5.5 Understanding the Equipment: I-V Curve Tracer 5.6 Thyristors 5.7 Extra Problems 6 Operational Ampliers and Comparators 6.1 Hierarchies of Circuits. Op-Amps 6.2 Negative Feedback. Simple Amplier Circuits 6.3 Analog Math with Ampliers. Mixers 6.4 Positive Feedback. Comparators and Triggers 6.5 Oscillators 6.5.1 Relaxation Oscillator 6.5.2 Advanced Topic. Voltage-Controlled Oscillator6.5.3 Advanced Topic. Crystal Oscillators 6.6 Active Frequency Filters 6.6.1 Articial Inductors 6.6.2 Single Op-Amp Filters 6.6.3 Advanced Topic. Cascaded and Optimized Filters6.6.4 Advanced Topic. Tunable Bandpass Filter 6.7 Application: Feedback to Keep a Signal Constant 6.8 Open-Collector Comparators and Transistor Logic 6.9 Understanding the Equipment: Timing Electronics 6.10 The Physics of Lithography 6.11 Extra Problems 7 Digital Logic 7.1 Combinatorial Logic 7.2 Bistable Circuits and Dynamic Memory 7.3 Flip Flops 7.4 Registers. The Concept of Information 7.5 Binary Math. Addition Registers 7.6 Counters and Sequential Logic. Timing Diagrams 7.6.1 Ripple Counter 7.6.2 Advanced Topic. 555 Timer 7.7 Analog Versus Digital Information 7.8 D/A and A/D Conversion. Successive Approximation Register 7.9 Advanced Topic. Phase-Locked Loop 7.10 Application: Homodyne and Heterodyne Experiments 7.11 AM and FM Communication 7.12 Understanding the Equipment: Lock-In Detector 7.13 Understanding the Equipment: Sampling Scope 7.14 Extra Problems 8 Processors and Computers 8.1 State Machines and Turing Machines 8.2 Buses, Three-State Logic, and Handshaking 8.3 Memory Addressing 8.4 Basic CPU Elements 8.5 Advanced Topic. Machine Language Programming 8.6 Memory 8.6.1 RAM and ROM 8.6.2 Magnetic Memory 8.7 Advanced Topic. Energy Cost of Information 8.8 Understanding the Equipment: Parallel and Serial Buses 8.9 Error Correction in Communication 8.10 Application: General Concepts of Computer Control of Equipment 8.11 Extra Problems 9 Interfaces to the Non-Electronic World 9.1 Light Detection and Emission 9.1.1 Wave Quantization and Photons 9.1.2 Incandescent Light Sources 9.1.3 Fluorescent Light Sources and Spark Gaps 9.1.4 Photodiodes and LEDs 9.1.5 Solar Cells 9.1.6 Lasers 9.1.7 Avalanche Photon Detectors 9.2 Understanding the Equipment: Discriminators and Counters 9.3 Application: Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting 9.4 Particle Detectors 9.5 Understanding the Equipment: Multichannel Analyzer 9.6 Imaging 9.6.1 CCD Imagers 9.6.2 LCD Displays9.6.3 Other Displays 9.7 Electrical Control of Motion 9.7.1 AC motors 9.7.2 Solenoids, Stepper Motors, and Galvos 9.7.3 Sound systems 9.7.4 Piezoelectrics 9.8 Touch Sensors 9.9 Extra Problems 10 Coherent Electronics10.1 Basic Wave Properties of Electrons 10.1.1 Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation 10.1.2 Electron Coherence Length 10.1.3 Fermi Velocity of Electrons 10.2 Ohm's Law Revisited. Bloch Oscillations and Dephasing 10.2.1 Drude Model for a Fermi Gas 10.2.2 Bragg Reection and Bloch Oscillations 10.2.3 Advanced Topic. Quantitative Derivation of Bloch Oscillations 10.3 Advanced Topic. Anderson Localization 10.4 Electron Interference in Mesoscopic Circuits 10.4.1 Controlled Electron Interference 10.4.2 The Aharanov-Bohm E?ect 10.4.3 Advanced Topic. Equivalence of the Electric and Magnetic AB E?ects10.5 Superconductors 10.5.1 Boson Coherence and Fermion Pairing 10.5.2 Cooper Pairing 10.5.3 Josephson Junctions 10.5.4 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors 10.5.5 Flux Quantization and SQUIDs 10.5.6 Type I and Type II Superconductors 10.6 Extra Problems 62111 Nanoelectronics 11.1 Quantum Connement 11.2 MOSFETs and the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas 11.3 Quantum Hall E?ects 11.3.1 Cyclotron Orbitals and Magnetoresistance 11.3.2 Landau Levels in Magnetic Field 11.3.3 Shubnikov-De Haas and de Haas-van Alphen Oscillations 11.3.4 The Integer Quantum Hall E?ect 11.3.5 Advanced Topic. The Fractional Quantum Hall E?ect 11.4 Quantum Wires 11.5 Quantum Dots 11.5.1 Coulomb Blockade 11.5.2 Single Photon Emitters 11.6 Spin Electronics 11.7 Advanced Topic. Quantum Computing Concepts 11.8 Extra Problems
