Psychology and Life -- Paperback （18 Interna）

Gerrig, Richard J./ Zimbardo, Philip G.

Pearson Education (Us)（2007/02発売）

• 製本 Paperback:紙装版/ペーパーバック版／ページ数 704
• 商品コード 9780205519989

Full Description

This classic text emphasizes the science of psychology, with a special focus on applying that science to students' daily lives. Psychology and Life continues to provide a rigorous, research-centered survey of the discipline while offering students special features and learning aids that will spark their interest and excite their imaginations. The eighteenth edition, which has been thoroughly updated to reflect the latest cutting-edge research, features an increased emphasis on critical thinking, new practice tests at the end of each chapter, a beautiful new design and an updated art program.Psychology and Life is the premiere text accompanying the Discovering Psychology Telecourse Series. A telecourse faculty guide and study guide to tie the videos to the textbook are available through Allyn & Bacon.

Contents

Table of Contents1. PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFEWHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE?DefinitionsThe Goals of PsychologyPsychology's Historical FoundationsCurrent Psychological PerspectivesWHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DOStudy StrategiesStudy TechniquesSpecial FeaturesRECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMSObserver Biases and Operational DefinitionsExperimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for ControlsCorrelational MethodsSubliminal Influence?PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTAchieving Reliability and ValiditySelf-Report Measures Behavioral Measures and ObservationsInformed ConsentRisk/Gain AssessmentIntentional DeceptionDebriefingIssues in Animal Research BECOMING A WISER RESEARCH CONSUMERRECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMSSTATISTICAL SUPPLEMENTUNDERSTANDING STATISTICS: ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING CONCLUSIONSANALYZING THE DATADESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSINFERENTIAL STATISTICSKEY TERMSHEREDITY AND BEHAVIOREvolution and Natural SelectionVariation in the Human GenotypeThe Neuron Action Potentials Synaptic TransmissionNeurotransmitters and Their FunctionsBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOREavesdropping on the Brain The Nervous System Brain Structures and Their Functions Hemispheric Lateralization The Endocrine System Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains RECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS4. SENSATION AND PERCEPTIONSENSING, ORGANIZING, IDENTIFYING, AND RECOGNIZINGThe Proximal and Distal StimuliReality, Ambiguity, and IllusionsPsychophysics From Physical Events to Mental EventsTHE VISUAL SYSTEM The Human Eye The Pupil and the Lens The Retina Processes in the Brain Seeing ColorHEARING The Physics of Sound Psychological Dimensions of SoundThe Physiology of Hearing YOUR OTHER SENSESSmell Taste Touch and Skin SensesThe Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses PainAttentional Processes Principles of Perceptual GroupingSpatial and Temporal Integration Motion PerceptionDepth Perception Perceptual ConstanciesIDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESSBottom-Up and Top-Down Processes The Influence of Contexts and ExpectationsFinal Lessons RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS 5. MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATESTATESAwareness and Consciousness Studying the Contents of Consciousness The Uses of ConsciousnessStudying the Functions of ConsciousnessSLEEP AND DREAMSCircadian Rhythms The Sleep Cycle Why Sleep? Sleep Disorders Dreams: Theater of the MindLucid Dreaming Hypnosis Meditation Religious Ecstasy MIND-ALTERING DRUGSDependence and Addiction Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs RECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS6. LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSISWhat Is Learning?Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS Pavlov's Surprising Observation Processes of Conditioning Focus on Acquisition Applications of Classical Conditioning OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES The Law of Effect Experimental Analysis of Behavior Reinforcement Contingencies Properties of Reinforcers Schedules of Reinforcement ShapingTREATMENT?BIOLOGY AND LEARNINGInstinctual Drift Taste-Aversion LearningAnimal Cognition Observational Learning RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS7. MEMORYTypes of Memories An Overview of Memory ProcessesMEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT-TERM Iconic Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING AND RETRIEVALRetrieval Cues Context and Encoding The Processes of Encoding and RetrievalWhy We Forget Improving Memory for Unstructured InformationMetamemory PREPARE FOR EXAMS? Memory Structures Remembering as a Reconstructive ProcessSearching for the Engram Amnesia Brain Imaging AFFECT MEMORY? RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS 8. COGNITIVE PROCESSESSTUDYING COGNITION Discovering the Processes of MindMental Processes and Mental Resources LANGUAGE USE Language Production Language UnderstandingLanguage and Evolution Language, Thought, and Culture VISUAL COGNITION Using Visual RepresentationsCombining Verbal and Visual Representations PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING Problem Solving Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKINGHeuristics and Judgment The Psychology of Decision MakingRECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS9. INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTHistory of Assessment Basic Features of Formal AssessmentINTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT The Origins of Intelligence Testing IQ Tests Extremes of IntelligencePsychometric Theories of IntelligenceSternberg's Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceGardner's Multiple Intelligences and Emotional IntelligenceThe History of Group Comparisons Heredity and IQ Environments and IQCulture and the Validity of IQ TestsCREATIVITY Assessing Creativity and the Link to IntelligenceExtremes of Creativity ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY RECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS10. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN STUDYING DEVELOPMENT PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN Prenatal and Childhood Development Physical Development in Adolescence Physical Changes in Adulthood COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN Piaget's Insights Into Mental Development Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development in Adulthood ACQUIRING LANGUAGEPerceiving Speech and Perceiving Words Learning Word Meanings Acquiring GrammarSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN Erikson's Psychosocial StagesSocial Development in Childhood Social Development in Adolescence Social Development in Adulthood DEVELOPMENT?SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES Sex Differences Gender Identity and Gender RolesMORAL DEVELOPMENT Kohlberg's Stages of Moral ReasoningGender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral ReasoningRECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS11. MOTIVATIONUNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION Functions of Motivational ConceptsSources of Motivation A Hierarchy of NeedsEATINGThe Physiology of Eating The Psychology of Eating SEXUAL BEHAVIORSNonhuman Sexual Behaviors Human Sexual Arousal and Response The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors Sexual Norms Homosexuality MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT Need for AchievementAttributions for Success and Failure Work and Organizational PsychologyACHIEVEMENT? RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS 12. EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTHEMOTIONS Basic Emotions and CultureTheories of Emotion Functions of Emotions Physiological Stress Reactions Psychological Stress ReactionsCoping with Stress Positive Effects of StressHEALTH PSYCHOLOGY The Biopsychosocial Model of HealthHealth Promotion Treatment Personality and Health Job Burnout and the Health-Care SystemA Toast to Your HealthPERSON BY 2010? RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS13. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITYTYPE AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES Categorizing by Types Describing with Traits Traits and Heritability Do Traits Predict Behaviors? Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Freudian Psychoanalysis Evaluation of Freudian Theory Extending Psychodynamic TheoriesHUMANISTIC THEORIES Features of Humanistic Theories Evaluation of Humanistic TheoriesSOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIESMischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory Bandura's Cognitive Social-Learning TheoryCantor's Social Intelligence TheoryEvaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive TheoriesSELF THEORIES Dynamic Aspects of Self-ConceptsSelf-Esteem and Self-Presentation The Cultural Construction of SelfEvaluation of Self TheoriesCOMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIESASSESSING PERSONALITY Objective Tests Projective Tests RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS14. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Deciding What Is Abnormal The Problem of ObjectivityClassifying Psychological Disorders The Etiology of Psychopathology ANXIETY DISORDERS Generalized Anxiety DisorderPanic Disorder PhobiasObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress DisorderCauses of Anxiety Disorders MOOD DISORDERS Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Causes of Mood Disorders Gender Differences in Depression SuicideNURTURE? PERSONALITY DISORDERSBorderline Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality DisorderSOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERSMajor Types of SchizophreniaCauses of Schizophrenia Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autistic Disorder RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS15. THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSTHE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT Goals and Major Therapies Therapists and Therapeutic Settings Historical Perspectives on Institutional TreatmentPSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES Freudian PsychoanalysisLater Psychodynamic Therapies BEHAVIOR THERAPIESCounterconditioning Contingency Management Social-Learning Therapy Generalization Techniques COGNITIVE THERAPIES Changing False Beliefs Cognitive Behavioral TherapyHUMANISTIC THERAPIESClient-Centered Therapy Gestalt Therapy GROUP THERAPIES Couple and Family Therapy Community Support Groups BIOMEDICAL THERAPIESDrug Therapy Psychosurgery EC and rTMS TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness Prevention StrategiesRECAPPING MAIN POINTSKEY TERMS16. SOCIAL COGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPSCONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY The Origins of Attribution Theory The Fundamental Attribution ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesExpectations and Self-Fulfilling PropheciesBehaviors That Confirm ExpectationsATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION Attitudes and Behaviors Processes of Persuasion Persuasion by Your Own Actions Compliance PREJUDICE Origins of Prejudice Effects of Stereotypes Reversing PrejudiceSOCIAL RELATIONSHIPSLiking LovingRECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS17. SOCIAL PROCESSES, SOCIETY, AND CULTURERoles and Rules Social NormsConformity Decision Making in Groups Situational Power: Candid Camera RevelationsALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR The Roots of Altruism Motives for Prosocial Behavior The Effects of the Situation of Prosocial Behavior AGGRESSION Evolutionary Perspectives Individual DifferencesSituational Influences Cultural Constraints Obedience to Authority The Psychology of Genocide and War Peace Psychology A PERSONAL ENDNOTE RECAPPING MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS