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Full Description
This text examines the major issues and controversies facing police officers today, providing with a solid understanding of the state of policing in the U. S. today. This main theme of this text is change in policing, and the past, present and future issues that have and will shape this change.
Contents
Preface 1 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONThe Traditional ApproachThe First Fifty Years of Professional PolicingReforming the Police: Recruitment and Selection as a First StepThe Emergence of Selection Procedures: Elements of a Standard ProcessCurrent Issues and ControversiesRecruitmentBasic RequirementsSelection TestsOther Current Issues in Recruitment and SelectionSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 1A Scholar's Perspective: The Challenge of Police Recruitment, by Heath GrantReferences2 TRAINING THE POLICECraft versus ProfessionPolicing as a CraftPolicing as a ProfessionFinding the Middle Ground: Reducing the Gap between the Academy and the StreetThe Need for Training and EducationPolice Academy TrainingHistorical PerspectiveThe Traditional Academy ModelShortcomings of the Traditional Academy TrainingField Training Officer ProgramsThe San Jose ModelThe Benefits of an FTO ProgramPerformance Evaluation of RookiesSelecting the Field Training OfficersAn Example of an FTO ProgramIn-Service TrainingSpecialized TrainingManagement TrainingCurrent IssuesChanging the Traditional Police Academy Pedagogy: AndragogyTraining in Community/Problem-Oriented PolicingMulticultural/Diversity TrainingStress Management TrainingDomestic Violence TrainingTraining in Handling the Mentally IllTraining in Communication and WritingTechnology and TrainingCounterterrorism TrainingSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 2A Scholar's Perspective: Police Training in America, by Maria (Maki) HaberfeldReferences3 DEVELOPING THE PROFESSIONAL POLICING MODELThe Origins of Professional Policing: Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan London PoliceThe Impetus for Change in LondonSir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829The Need for Development of Professional Policing in the United StatesU.S. Policing in the Nineteenth CenturyWho Became Police Officers and How Did They Get the Job?The Activities of the Nineteenth-Century U.S. Police OfficerCorruption and BrutalityReforming the PoliceA First Attempt at ReformA Second Effort at Police ReformCracks in the Foundation of the Professional Police ModelA Partial SuccessSigns of Trouble: Prohibition and the Wickersham CommissionThe Police Subculture and the Working PersonalityThe 1950s and 1960s: National Crisis and the PoliceThe Research RevolutionFallout from the 1960s: Policing Comes Full CircleSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 3A Scholar's Perspective: Populism, Politics, and the Struggle for Police Professionalism in the United States, by Anders WalkerReferences4 NEW POLICING PHILOSOPHIES AND STRATEGIESProblem-Oriented PolicingTheoretical FoundationsThe Basic Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing: The SARA ModelCharacteristics of the Problem-Oriented Police DepartmentDiffusion: How Widespread Is Problem-Oriented Policing?Research on the Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented PolicingLimitations and QuestionsCommunity-Oriented PolicingTheoretical FoundationsCore Features of Community PolicingDiffusionResearch on the Effectiveness of Community PolicingLimitations and QuestionsCompStatBackgroundThe Stages of CompStatThe Six Core ComponentsDiffusion and Impact of CompStatZero Tolerance PolicingThe Principles of Zero Tolerance PolicingThe Impact of Zero Tolerance PolicingCOP, POP, CompStat, and Zero Tolerance: Similarities and DifferencesSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 4A Scholar's Perspective: Ethical Complexities of Broken Windows Policing Strategies, by Justin ReadyReferences5 THE POLICE ORGANIZATIONThe Police BureaucracyBureaucracy and the PoliceThe Quasi-Military Style of PolicingCivil ServicePolice UnionsFunction and Structure of the Police OrganizationFunctions of the PoliceStructure of the Police OrganizationSupervision and LeadershipCurrent Issues in Police Management and OrganizationAlternative Organizational MethodsManpower and Resource ShortagesMilitarization of the PoliceSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 5A Scholar's Perspective: Restructuring of the City of Paterson, New Jersey, Police Department, by Michael C. WalkerReferences6 POLICE FIELD WORKPolice and the LawKey Legal Principles and Issues from the Bill of Rights: Search, Seizure, and ArrestCurrent Issues and Controversies Involving the LawDiscretion and Decision MakingDefining and Discovering DiscretionThe Context of Police Decision MakingUnderstanding the Complexity of Police Decision MakingBuilding on What We Know: Increasing the Rationality of Police Decision MakingNew (and Some Old) Crime ProblemsDrugs and GangsPolicing Domestic ViolencePolice and the Mentally IllIdentity Theft and Computer CrimeTerrorismSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 6A Scholar's Perspective: The Police and Sex Offenders, by Karen J. TerryReferences7 MEASURING POLICE PERFORMANCEThe Unclear Police MandateTraditional Measures of Police PerformanceThe Numbers GameSummaryNew Measures of Police PerformanceAt the Department LevelAt the Individual Officer LevelSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 7A Practitioner's Perspective: Measuring Police Officer Performance in the NYPD, by Anthony J. RaganellaReferences8 POLICE MISCONDUCTDefining and Measuring Police MisconductPolice CrimeOccupational DevianceCorruptionAbuse of AuthorityU.S. Policing and Misconduct: History, Prevalence, and ConsequencesThe History of U.S. Policing and MisconductHow Prevalent Is Police Misconduct Today?The Consequences of Police MisconductTheoretical Frameworks for Understanding Police MisconductThe Rotten Apple TheoryStructural ExplanationsThe Persistent Problems for PoliceAbuse of AuthorityCorruptionPrejudice and DiscriminationSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 8A Scholar's Perspective: Police Pursuit: Policies and Training, by Geoffrey P. AlpertReferences9 POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY: INTERNAL MECHANISMSInternal Control MechanismsCareful Recruitment and Selection of PersonnelPolice TrainingSupervisionAdministrative GuidanceInternal AffairsIntegrity TestsAccreditationChanging the SubcultureThe Central Role of the ChiefSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 9A Scholar's Perspective: Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, by Samuel Walker, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. KenneyReferences10 POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY: EXTERNAL MECHANISMSExternal Control MechanismsCriminal Law: Prosecuting the PoliceCivil Litigation: Suing the PoliceJudicial InterventionSpecial InvestigationsU.S. Department of Justice Consent DecreesCitizen OversightPublic Interest Groups, the Media, and the PublicSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 10A Scholar's Perspective: Supercession of the Camden, New Jersey, Police Department, by Carmen V. LaBrunoReferences11 TECHNOLOGY AND THE POLICEStages of Technological AdvancementThe First Stage: 1881-1945The Second Stage: 1946-1959The Third Stage: 1960-1979The Fourth Stage: 1980-presentCrime Scene InvestigationHistorical PerspectiveThe Locard Principle and Physical EvidenceBasic Procedures in Crime Scene InvestigationThe Realities of Crime Scene InvestigationCrime AnalysisHistorical PerspectiveCrime Analysis in the Twenty-First CenturyGeographic Information Systems (GIS)Other Technological AdvancesComputers and the InternetGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS)Closed Circuit TelevisionNIBRSBiometricsCold Case SquadsLess-than-Lethal WeaponsImagingSummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 11A Scholar's Perspective: Crime Mapping - A Tool for Law Enforcement, by Jennifer B. RobinsonReferences12 NEXT STEPS AND CHALLENGES FOR POLICEThe Future of PolicingRecruitment and SelectionTraining the PoliceNew Philosophies and StrategiesOrganizational IssuesPolice Field WorkMeasuring Police PerformancePolice Deviance and Responding to ItTechnologySummaryKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsAppendix 12A Scholar's Perspective: COPS and CSI: Reality Television? by Michael HallettReferencesINDEX
