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The Power of Critical ThinkingExtraordinary Claims, Fifth Edition, explores the essentials of critical reasoning, argumentation, logic, and argumentative essay writing while also incorporating important topics that most other texts leave out, such as "inference to the best explanation," scientific reasoning, evidence and authority, visual reasoning, and obstacles to criticalthinking.FEATURES* Hundreds of diverse exercises, examples, and illustrations* Text boxes that apply critical thinking to student experience* Step-by-stepguidelines for evaluating claims, arguments, and explanations* A glossary of important terms and many reminders, summaries, and review notes
Contents
PrefacePART 1. BASICS1. The Power of Critical ThinkingWhy It MattersHow It WorksClaims and Reasons: Reasons and Arguments: Arguments in the Rough: Key WordsSummaryExercisesField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizWriting Assignments2. Obstacles to Critical ThinkingPsychological ObstaclesThe Almighty Self: The Power of the Group: Philosophical ObstaclesSubjective Relativism: Social Relativism: Skepticism: Key WordsSummaryExercisesField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments3. Making Sense of ArgumentsArgument BasicsJudging ArgumentsFinding Missing PartsArgument PatternsDiagramming ArgumentsAssessing Long ArgumentsKey WordsSummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting AssignmentsPART 2. REASONS4. Reasons for Belief and DoubtWhen Claims ConflictExperts and EvidencePersonal ExperienceImpairment: Expectation: Innumeracy and Probability: Fooling OurselvesResisting Contrary Evidence: Looking for Confirming Evidence: Preferring Available Evidence: Claims in the NewsInside the News: Sorting Out the News: Advertising and PersuasionIdentification: Slogans: Misleading Comparisons: Weasel Words: Key WordsSummaryExercisesField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments5. Fallacies and PersuadersFallacies: Irrelevant PremisesGenetic Fallacy: Composition: Division: Appeal to the Person: Equivocation: Appeal to Popularity: Appeal to Tradition: Appeal to Ignorance: Appeal to Emotion: Red Herring: Straw Man: Two Wrongs Make a Right: Fallacies: Unacceptable PremisesBegging the Question: False Dilemma: Decision-Point Fallacy: Slippery Slope: Hasty Generalization: Faulty Analogy: Persuaders: Rhetorical MovesInnuendo: Euphemisms and Dysphemisms: Stereotyping: Ridicule: Rhetorical Definitions: Key WordsSummaryExercisesField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting AssignmentsPART 3. ARGUMENTS6. Deductive Reasoning: Propositional LogicConnectives and Truth ValuesConjunction: Disjunction: Negation: Conditional: Checking for ValiditySimple Arguments: Tricky Arguments: Streamlined Evaluation: Proof of ValidityRules of Inference: Rules of Replacement: Key WordsSummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments7. Deductive Reasoning: Categorical LogicStatements and ClassesTranslations and Standard FormTerms: Quantifiers: Diagramming Categorical StatementsSizing Up Categorical SyllogismsThe Square of Opposition: Categorical Equivalence: Key WordsSummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments8. Inductive ReasoningEnumerative InductionSample Size: Representativeness: Opinion Polls: Analogical InductionCausal ArgumentsTesting for Causes: Causal Confusions: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions: Key WordsSummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting AssignmentsPART 4. EXPLANATIONS9. Inference to the Best ExplanationExplanations and InferenceTheories and ConsistencyTheories and CriteriaTestability: Fruitfulness: Scope: Simplicity: Conservatism: Telling Good Theories from BadA Doomed Flight: An Amazing Cure: Key WordsSummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments10. Judging Scientific TheoriesScience and Not ScienceThe Scientific MethodTesting Scientific TheoriesJudging Scientific TheoriesCopernicus Versus Ptolemy: Evolution Versus Creationism: Science and Weird TheoriesMaking Weird MistakesLeaping to the Weirdest Theory: Mixing What Seems with What Is: Misunderstanding the Possibilities: Judging Weird TheoriesCrop Circles: Talking with the Dead: SummaryField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting Assignments11. Critical Thinking in Morality and the LawMoral ArgumentsMoral PremisesMoral TheoriesEvaluating Moral Theories: Two Important Theories: Legal ReasoningA Coherent WorldviewKey WordsSummaryExercisesField ProblemsSelf-Assessment QuizIntegrative ExercisesWriting AssignmentsAppendix A: Essays for Evaluation1. "Death Penalty Discriminates Against Black Crime Victims," USA Today2. "Marine Parks," Bill Daly3. "A Feminist Defense of Pornography," Wendy McElroy4. "A Defense of Homosexuality," John Corvino5. "More Innocents Die When We Don't Have Capital Punishment," Dennis Prager6. "What's Wrong with Adultery?" Bonnie Steinbock7. "A Pat-Down Is Better Than a Blow-Up," Caroline Baum8. "The Cohabitation Epidemic," Neil Clark Warren9. "Not Being Vaccinated Is Not Acceptable," David Ropeik10. "Women and the Afghanistan Peace Process," Ann Jones11. "A Deviance from God's Norm," Richard Land12. "Marriage Still Evolving, as Ever," Buffalo News13. "Slouching Toward Chimeras," Jeremy Rifkin14. "Fighting Islamic Extremists Who Stifle Free Speech," Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Daniel Huff15. "Is Sluttishness a Feminist Statement?" Wendy Kaminer16. "Torture: Time for Congress to End the Debate," USA Today17. "Torture: Severe Interrogations Work," Trent Franks18. "Freedom of Expression: Protect Student Speech--Even 'Unwise' Bong Banner," USA Today19. "Freedom of Expression: Policy Reflects Common Sense," Kenneth W. Starr20. "It's Irresponsible to Spread Fear of Vaccine," USA Today21. "Flag Amendment: Flag Needs Protection," Dianne FeinsteinAppendix B. Answers to ExercisesAppendix C. Answers to Self-Assessment QuizzesAppendix D. Critical Thinking and WritingNotes: Glossary: Credits: Index:
