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The Spirit of the Constitution covers the impact and reputation of both McCulloch and Justice Marshall himself throughout American history.
2019 marks the 200th anniversary of one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in American history: McCulloch v. Maryland. The state of Maryland tried to impede the establishment of the Bank of the United States, but Chief Justice John Marshall decided that the Necessary and Proper clause of the Constitution gave the federal government implied powers that allowed it to charter the bank without hindrance. The decision expanded the power of the national government vis-à-vis the states, and it still figures centrally in contemporary debates about the scope of national legislative power. Indeed, Chief Justice Roberts' 2012 decision upholding the Affordable Care Act relied on it.
In The Spirit of the Constitution, David S. Schwartz tells the story of the decision's long-term impact and the evolution of Justice Marshall's reputation. By tracing the rich history of McCulloch's influence from 1819 to the present, he shows that its meaning-and significance-for judges, political leaders, and the public varied greatly over time. The case was alternately celebrated, denounced, ignored, and reinterpreted to suit the needs of the moment. While Marshall was never reviled, he was not seen as especially influential until the late nineteenth century. Competing parties utilized McCulloch in constitutional debates over national power in the early republic; over the question of slavery in the late antebellum period; and over Congress's role in regulating the economy and civil rights in the twentieth century. Even after McCulloch's meaning seemed fixed by the mid-twentieth century, new debates about its implications have emerged in recent times. Schwartz's analysis of McCulloch's remarkable impact reaffirms the case's importance and unveils the circuitous process through which American constitutional law and ideology are made.
Contents
Introduction: "The Letter and Spirit of the Constitution"
Part I: Defensive Nationalism
Chapter 1: "The Case Now to be Determined": the Elusive Meaning of McCulloch v. Maryland
Chapter 2: "A Question Perpetually Arising": Constitutional Politics and Law, circa 1819
Chapter 3: "Has Congress Power to Incorporate a Bank?": the McCulloch Oral Argument and Opinion
Chapter 4: "As Far as Human Prudence Could Insure": The Retreat from Implied Powers
Part II: Disappearance and Revival
Chapter 5: "The Baneful Influence of this Narrow Construction": McCulloch in the Age of Jackson, 1832-1860
Chapter 6: "The Various Crises of Human Affairs": McCulloch and the Civil War
Chapter 7: "The Government of All": the Rise and Fall of Reconstruction, 1865-1883
Chapter 8: "Acting Directly on the People": Neo-Whig Nationalism, 1868-1888
Chapter 9: "The Painful Duty of this Tribunal": The Emergence of Judicial Supremacy, 1884-1901
Part III: The Canonical Case
Chapter 10: "Some Choice of Means": The Lochner Era and Progressivism
Chapter 11: "Withholding the Most Appropriate Means": The New Deal and Judicial Crisis, 1932-1936
Chapter 12: "It is a Constitution We Are Expounding": the Triumph of the Capable Constitution, 1937-1968
Chapter 13: "A Splendid Bauble": McCulloch in the Long Conservative Court, 1969-2018
Conclusion: "As Long as Our System Shall Exist"
