- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > Politics / International Relations
Full Description
By the PeopleEdition, reflects the dynamism of American government and politics with superior teaching and learning tools that prepare students to ENGAGE, THINK, and DEBATE now more than ever before.Using a storytelling approach that weaves commentary together with historical context, By the People: Debating American Government explores the themes and ideas that drive the great debates in American government and politics. It introduces students to big questions like "Who governs?" "How does our system of government work?" "What does government do?" and "Who are we?" By challenging students with these questions, the text encourages them to think about, engage with, and debate themerits of U.S. government and politics.
Contents
About the Authors xviiiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxviiPART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS1 The Spirit of American Politics Who Governs? How Does American Politics Work? Ideas Institutions Interests Individuals 1History 10What Does Government Do? 11Context: Government in Society 11No Big Government! 12What Government Does 13A Chronic Problem 14The Hidden Government 14COMPARING NATIONS 1.1: U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened Than The Best of Government 15Who Are We? 17COMPARING NATIONS 1.2 INFO/DATA Changing Face of America: Percentage of Total U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1960-2060 19Conclusion: Your Turn 20Chapter Summary 20Key TermsStudy Questions 212 The Ideas That Shape America 22A Nation of Ideas 23BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas 24Liberty 25"The Land of the Free" 26The Two Sides of Liberty 26The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 27Self-Rule 29One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 29Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 30A Mixed System 31Limited Government 32The Origins of Limited Government 32And Yet . . . the United States keeps Demanding More Government 33Limits on Government Action 34When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government 35Individualism 36Community Versus Individualism 37COMPARING NATIONS 2.1: Should Government Take Care of the Poor? 38The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord 38Golden Opportunity 38Social Conflict 39Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 39SOLIDARITY 40The American Dream 41Spreading the Dream 41Challenging the Dream 41Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? 41COMPARING NATIONS 2.2: Social Mobility Around the World 43Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values? 42Equality 44Three Types of EqualitySocial EqualityPolitical EqualityINFO/DATA: Most Americans Believe There Is "Opportunity to Get Ahead"Economic EqualityHow Much Economic Equality Is Too Much? Opportunity or Outcome? Equal opportunity Equal outcomeReligionStill a Religious CountrySo Many ReligionsPolitics of ReligionHow Do Ideas Affect Politics? Ideas in American CultureIdeas in Political InstitutionsCulture or Institutions? Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, TogetherChapter SummaryKey TermsStudy Questions 3 The Constitution 56BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution 58The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 59COMPARING NATIONS 3.1: The U.S. Constitution in Comparative Context 59Why the Colonists Revolted 61The Colonial Complaint: Representation 61The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 62The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence 63The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 63The Boston Tea Party 64Revolution! 64A Long Legacy 65The Declaration of Independence 65The Principle: "We Hold These Truths . . ." 65Grievances 67The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation 67Independent States 68The National Government 68Some Success . . . 68. . . And Some Problems 69Secrecy 70The Constitutional Convention 721. How Much Power to the People? 722. National Government Versus State Government 733. Big States Versus Small States 74The Virginia Plan 74The New Jersey Plan 75The Connecticut Compromise 754. The President 76Committee or Individual? 76The Electoral College 76The President: Too Strong or Too Weak? 775. Separation of Powers 786. "A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed" 79The Three-Fifths Compromise 79The Slave Trade 80Fugitive Slaves 81"The National Calamity" 81An Overview of the Constitution 82Preamble 82Article 1: Congress 82Article 2: The President 83COMPARING NATIONS 3.2: The U.S. Government Is Different from Most Democracies 84Article 3: The Courts 85Article 4: Relations Between the States 85Article 5: Amendments 85Article 6: The Law of the Land 86Article 7: Ratification 86The Missing Articles 86Ratification 86The Anti-Federalists 87The Federalists 87Two Strong Arguments 88A Very Close Vote 88A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 90Changing the Constitution 91The Bill of Rights 91The Seventeen Amendments 93The Constitution Today 93INFO/DATA Amend the Constitution today? On What Issue? 95Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work? 96Chapter Summary 96Key TermsStudy Questions 974 Federalism and Nationalism 98BY THE NUMBERS Federalism 101Forging Federalism 100Who Holds Government Authority? 103Advantages of State-Level Policy 103The Advantages of National Policy 104INFO/DATA Regulatory Policies Differ By StateINJUSTICE? 105How Federalism Works 106The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 106The Constitution Empowers National Authority 107The Constitution Protects State Authority 107The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power 107Dual Federalism (1789-1933) 109Cooperative Federalism (1933-1981) 110New Federalism 111Progressive Federalism 112Education 112Healthcare 112Issues in Federalism 113Unfunded Mandates 113The Problems We Face: How Government Grows 113Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal Government 114On Both Sides of the Issue 114In a Nutshell: Our Three-Dimensional Political Chess 115Federalism in the Courts 117Nationalism, American Style 119The Rise of American Nationalism 119America's Weak National Government 119COMPARING NATIONS 4.1: Government Spending as a Proportion of Gross Domestic Product 120Size 120Authority 120Independence 121Conclusion: Who Are We? 122Chapter Summary 122Key TermsStudy Questions 1235 Civil Liberties 124The Rise of Civil Liberties 126Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 126BY THE NUMBERS Civil Liberties 127The Purpose of Civil Liberties 128The Slow Rise of Rights 128Privacy 129Penumbras and Emanations 129Roe v. Wade 131Planned Parenthood v. Casey 132Sex Between Consenting Adults 133Clashing Principles 133Freedom of Religion 134The Establishment Clause 134Free Exercise of Religion 135Freedom of Speech 137A Preferred Position 137Political Speech 138COMPARING NATIONS 5.1: Civil Liberties Around the World 138TEST YOURSELF: The Simpsons Versus the First Amendment-Which Do You Know Better? 139Symbolic Speech 140Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 140Speech 142Freedom of the Press 143Prior Restraint 143Obscenity 144Libel 145The Right to Bear Arms 146A Relic of the Revolution? 146The Palladium of All Liberties? 146INFO/DATA Guns on Campus 147The Rights of the Accused 148The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 148The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 150The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 151The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 152Terrorism, Non-Citizens, and Civil LibertiesContacts with Forbidden GroupsSurveillanceThe Rights of Non-CitizensConclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties 156Chapter Summary 156Key TermsStudy Questions 1576 The Struggle for Civil Rights 158BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights 161Winning Rights: The Political Process 160Seven Steps to Political Equality 160How the Courts Review Cases 162Suspect Categories 162Quasi-Suspect Categories 162Nonsuspect Categories 163Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery 163The Clash over Slavery 163 Abolition 164Economics 164Politics 164Dred Scott v. Sandford 165The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? 165Freedom Fails 166The Fight for Racial Equality 168Two Types of Discrimination 168The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins 168The Courts 169The Civil Rights Movement 170Congress and the Civil Rights Act 171Divisions in the Movement 172The Post Civil Rights Era 173Affirmative Action in the Workplace 173Affirmative Action in Education 174Women's Rights 175Suffrage 175The Civil Rights Act of 1964 177COMPARING NATIONS 6.1: Percentage of Women in National Legislatures: Selected Countries 178Equal Rights Amendment 179The Courts 179Progress for Women-But How Much? 180Hispanics 181Challenging Discrimination 181The Politics of Immigration 182Ancient Fears 182Three Categories 182Undocumented Immigrants 183Language Controversy: Speak English! 184Political Mobilization 184Asian Americans 186Native Americans 187The Lost Way of Life 188Indians and the Federal Government 188Social Problems and Politics 189Native Americans and the Courts 189Groups Without Special Protection 190People with Disabilities 190Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 191INFO/DATA: Laws Restricting Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity The Fight for Civil Rights Goes On 192Voting Rights Today 192Economic and Social Rights Today 193Health 193Income 193IncarcerationConclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People 195Chapter Summary 196Key TermsStudy Questions 1977 Public Opinion 198BY THE NUMBERS Public Opinion 201Sources of Public Opinion 200Political Socialization 201Parents and Friends 202Education 202Gender 202Race 202Religion 203Life Events 203Party 203Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 204Elite Influence 204Wars and Other Focusing Events 205Measuring Public Opinion 206Polling Bloopers 206Polling 101 206The Random Sample 206INFO/DATA Surveys Face Growing Difficulty Reaching and Persuading Potential Respondents 207Sampling Frame 208Refining the Sample 208Timing 208Wording 208COMPARING NATIONS 7.1: Top Global Threats: Polling Around the World 209Lies, Damn Lies, and Polls 209Technology and Error 209Sampling Error and Response Bias 210How Did They Do? 210Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 211Public Opinion in a Democracy 212Ignorant Masses 213The Rational Public 213Public Opinion and Governing 215Do the People Know What They Want? 215How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? 216Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? 216Conclusion: Government by the People 218Chapter Summary 218Key TermsStudy Questions 2198 Political Participation 220BY THE NUMBERS Political Participation 223How We Participate 222Traditional Participation 222Voting 222Electoral Activities 224Political Voice 224Civic Voluntarism 225Direct Action 225PROTESTED? 226Civil Disobedience 226An Underlying Question 226Why People Get Involved 227Background: Age, Wealth, and Education 228Age 228Wealth 228Education 228Race 228INFO/DATA Issues Attracting Americans to Public RalliesFriends, Family, and Social Capital 230Political Mobilization 232TALKING POLITICS HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US 231Government Beneficiaries 232Context 232What Discourages Political Participation? 233COMPARING NATIONS 8.1: Voter Turnout in Selected Countries 234Alienation 234COMPARING NATIONS 8.2: Trust in Government 236Institutional Barriers Complacency 237Shifting Mobilization Patterns 238New Avenues for Participation: The Internet, Social Media, and the Millennial Generation 238 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy 239Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance240Does Social Media Increase Political Participation? 240How the Millennial Generation Participates 242Conclusion 244Chapter Summary 246Key TermsStudy Questions 2469 Media, Technology, and Government 248BY THE NUMBERS The Media 251Media and American Democracy 251Providing Information 251Watching Political Leaders 252Shaping the Political Agenda 252U.S. Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining 254Where People Go for News 254Newspapers and Magazines: Rise and Decline 255The First Mass Media 255Radio Holds Steady 257Television: From News to Infotainment 257The Rise of Cable 258Infotainment 258The Rise of the New Media 259Is the Media Biased? 261Are Reporters Politically Biased? 261Profits Drive the News Industry 262Drama Delivers Audiences 262Investigative "Bias" 264The Fairness Bias 265How Governments Shape the Media 265The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation 265Regulating Broadcasters 266Protecting Competition 267Media Around the World 267INFO/DATA Media Consolidation 268Government-Owned Stations 269COMPARING NATIONS 9.1: Censorship Under Pressure? 270Censorship 270American Media in the World 270Understanding the Media in Context: War, Terrorism, and U.S. Elections 271Covering Wars and Terrorism 271The Campaign as Drama 272Candidate Profiles 273Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World 274Chapter Summary 276Key TermsStudy Questions 27710 Campaigns and Elections XXXBY THE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections XXXHow Democratic Are American Elections? XXXFrequent and Fixed Elections XXXCOMPARING NATIONS 10.1: Election Timetables for National Government XXXOver 520,000 Elected Officials XXXBarriers to VotingToo Much Money?Democracy for the Rich? XXXMajor Donors: Easier to Give XXXINFO/DATA Money in Elections: The New Rules XXXPresidential Campaigns and Elections XXXWho Runs for President? XXXThe Three Phases of Presidential Elections XXXWinning the Nomination XXXHAMPSHIRE? XXXOrganizing the Convention XXXThe General Election XXXWinning Presidential Elections XXXThe Economy XXXDemographics XXXWar and Foreign Policy XXXDomestic Issues XXXThe Campaign Organization XXXParties Matter XXXThe Electoral College and Swing States XXXThat Elusive Winning RecipePredicting Presidential Elections Congressional Elections 297Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 298The Power of Incumbency 299Patterns in Congressional Elections 301Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander 302Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation 304Congressional Campaigns 305Candidate-Centered Elections 305How to Run for Congress 306Key 1: Money 306Key 2: Organization 306TALKING POLITICS CAMPAIGN LINGO 307Key 3: Strategy 307Key 4: Message 308Conclusion: Reforming American Elections 309Chapter Summary 312Study Questions 31311 Political Parties 314BY THE NUMBERS Political Parties Political Parties and U.S. Government 317What the Parties Do 317Parties Champion Ideas 317Parties Select Candidates 317Parties Mobilize the Voters 317Parties Organize Governing Activity After the Election 318Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process 318Two-Party America 319COMPARING NATIONS 11.1: Organizing Electoral/Governing Systems 320Third Parties in American Politics 321America's Party Systems: Origins and Change 322Beginnings: First Party System (1789-1828) 323Rise: Second Party System (1828-1860) 324War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860-1896) 325Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896-1932) 326Depression and the New Deal: Fifth Party System (1933-1968) 327The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1969-Present) 328Why the Party Period Matters 329Party Identification . . . and Ideas 330Building Party Identification 330The Power of Party Attachment 331Voting/Participation 331InfoData 11.1Filtering Ideology Republican Factions Populists or TrumpistsReligious Traditionalists Fiscal ConservativesLibertarians Neoconservatives Fiscal Conservatives Moderates Democratic Factions Progressives The Civil Rights Caucus Organized Labor CentristsOrganizing the Parties The Party Bureaucracy Party in Government Party in the Electorate The Big Tent TALKING POLITICS PARTY ICONS ANd SYMBOLS Party Competition . . . and Partisanship Parties Rise AgainCompetition and Partisanship Intensifies Yes, partisanship is harmfulNo, partisanship is healthyMaybe Conclusion: A Party System Ripe for Reform? 1. Proportional Representation 2. Reduce the Barriers to Third-Party Competition in Elections 3. Reduce Partisanship in Government Chapter Summary Study Questions 12 Interest Groups BY THE NUMBERS Interest GroupsInterest-Group Roles in American Politics Informing Members Communicating Members' Views Mobilizing the Public What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? Types of Interest Groups Economic Groups Citizen or Public Interest Groups Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying Interest Groups Past and Present 1960s Advocacy Explosion COMPARING NATIONS 12.1: The Spread of American-Style Lobbying Young and Plugged In Interest-Group Lobbyists in Action The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists Researchers Witnesses Position Takers Coalition Builders Social Butterflies Grassroots Campaign Builders Three Types of Group RepresentativesTALKING POLITICS WASHINGTON LOBBYING Nonprofits Don't Lobby? Interest Groups and the Federal Branches of Government Rise of the Issue NetworkInterest Groups and the Courts Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations Filing Amicus Curiae ("Friend of Court") Briefs Sponsoring Litigation Interest Groups and Power Interest Group Spending INFO/DATA Amazon's Expanding Lobbying Interests, 2000-2017Regulating Interest Groups Are Interest Groups Bad or Good for America? Four Concerns About Interest Groups 1. Corruption 2. Division and Hyperpluralism3. Accountability 4. Restricted Access Four Defenses of Interest Groups 1. More Democratic Representation 2. Communication and Information 3. Mobilizing and Organizing the Public GOVERNMENT? 4. Stability Conclusion: Interest-Group Influence Revisited Chapter Summary Study Questions PART III POLITICAL ISTITUTIONS13 CongressIntroducing Congress BY THE NUMBERS Congress Two Chambers, Different Styles The House and Senate Each Have Unique RolesCongressional Representation Does Congress Reflect America? YOU? Trustees and Delegates Do the Right Thing Do What the People Want OF REPRESENTATION Getting to Congress-And Staying There The Permanent Campaign Home Style: Back in the District A Government of Strangers Congress at Work The City on the Hill TALKING POLITICS CAPITOL HILL BUZZWORDS Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership House LeadershipSenate LeadershipCommittees: Workhorses of CongressThe Enduring Power of Committees Leadership and Assignments COMPARING NATIONS 13.1: A Unique U.S. System Legislative Policymaking Drafting a Bill Submitting the Bill Committee Action 1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics 2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor Consideration 3. Committees Also Kill Legislation 4. Committees Exercise Oversight Floor Action Getting to the Floor On the Floor The Vote Conference Committee Presidential Action: Separated Powers Revisited Why Is Congress So Unpopular? Partisan Polarization in Congress INFO/DATA Historic Partisan Polarization Divided Government Some Popular Reforms-And Their Limits Limit Lobbyists Educate the Public The Real World of Democracy Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing Chapter Summary Study Questions 14 The Presidency Defining the Presidency BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency Defined by Controversy The President's Powers COMPARING NATIONS 14.1: Chief Executives' Power Is the Presidency Too Powerful? An Imperial Presidency? A Weak Office? What Presidents Do Commander in Chief What Do You Think: Who Should Deploy American Troops?Top Diplomat The First Legislator Recommending Measures State of the Union Presidential "Batting Average" Veto Signing Statements Chief Bureaucrat Appointments Executive Orders INFO/DATA Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office Economist in Chief The Head of State Party Leader The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas The Impossible JobPresidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office Managing the Public Approval Ratings Presidential Greatness Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders Step 1: A New Order Rises Step 2: The Order Refreshed Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles The Personal Presidency Presidential StyleThe Burden of the Office The President's Team: A Tour of the White House The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments The Vice President The Cabinet The Executive Office of the President The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) The National Security Council (NSC) The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) TALKING POLITICS SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER The First Spouse Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth? Chapter Summary Study Questions 15 Bureaucracy BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy How the Bureaucracy Grew Birth of the Bureaucracy War Morality Economics Geography Race/Ethnicity The Bureaucratic Model Hierarchy Division of Labor Fixed Routines Equal Rules for All Technical Qualifications Bureaucratic Pathologies The Democratic Dilemma What Bureaucracies Do Rule-Making Implementation How the Bureaucracy Is Organized TALKING POLITICS BUREAUCRACY BUZZWORDS The Cabinet Departments The Challenge of Governing COMPARING NATIONS 15.1: Parliamentary Systems The Rotating Bureaucracy The Cabinet and Diversity Other Agencies Executive Agencies Independent Regulatory Commissions INFO/DATA The Formation of Regulatory Commissions An Army of Their Own Private Contractors Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? The People The PresidentCongress Interest Groups Bureaucratic Autonomy Democracy Revisited Reforming the Bureaucracy Critiques Cost Inertia Public Mistrust ReformsOpen Up the System Reinventing Government Privatization Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You Chapter Summary Study Questions16 The Judicial Branch Who Are We? A Nation of Laws . . .and Lawyers Embracing the Law-and Lawsuits BY THE NUMBERS The U.S. Judiciary Trust in CourtsCourts in American Culture COMPARING NATIONS 16.1: Number of Lawyers, Per Capita Organizing the Judicial Branch Divided We RuleState and Local Courts Judicial Selection Federal Courts Specialized Courts Diversity in the Federal Judiciary The Court's Role Judicial Review Activism Versus Restraint The Judicial Process Too Much Power? COMPARING NATIONS 16.2: Power of the Judiciary . . . Or Still the "Least Dangerous" Branch? The Supreme Court and How It Operates Hearing Cases Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements Selecting Cases: Informal Factors Conference Sessions and Written Decisions Supreme Court Clerks Confirmation Battles Judicial Decision Making and Reform The Role of Law Ideology and Partisanship INFO/DATA How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberal or Conservative? Collegiality and Peer Pressure Institutional Concerns Nineteen Cases You Should Know 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) 4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) 6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 7. Lochner v. New York (1905) 8. Muller v. Oregon (1908) 9. Schenck v. United States (1919) 10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) 11. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) 12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 14. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 16. Roe v. Wade (1973) 17. U.S. v. Nixon (1974)18. Bush v. Gore (2000) 19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) CASE The Nineteen Cases-and the Power of the Court Improving the JudiciaryCriticismsIdeas for Reform: More Resources Term Limits Shift Authority to CongressConclusion: Democracy and the Courts Chapter Summary Study Questions 17 Public Policymaking and Budgeting Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages BY THE NUMBERS U.S. Public Policy 1. Agenda Setting 2. Framing 3. Policy Formation Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics 4. Policy Implementation Rule-Making Revisited Top-Down Delivery Bottom-Up Delivery 5. Policy Evaluation and Feedback Ex Post Policy Evaluations A Case in Point: Gang Violence Policy Feedback U.S. Social Policy Wars and Social Policy Old-Age Insurance: Social Security Unemployment Benefits Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid Economic Policymaking: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Fiscal PolicyMonetary Policy Economic Policymaking: The Federal Budget Process President's Budget Proposal Congressional Budget ResolutionCOMPARING NATIONS 17.1: Budget Policymaking Reign of the Cardinals: Appropriations Committee Action Making Good Policy Moral Policies: Justice or Democracy? Economically Efficient Policies Info/Data: Views on PolicymakingCapitalism Goes to the Movies Reforming U.S. Policymaking Systemic Reform Policy Entrepreneurs Eight Steps to Successful Policy Reform Have Passion Act with Speed Bring a Plan 5Mind the Symbols Have a Philosophy Go Public Know the Rules Learn How to Lose Conclusion: Policy Matters Chapter Summary Study Questions 18 Foreign Policy BY THE NUMBERS Foreign Policy American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 1: Security Military Primacy COMPARING NATIONS 18.1: Military Spending Worldwide Basis for Primacy: Realism A Different View: Liberalism Soft Power Foreign Aid and National Security COMPARING NATIONS 18.2: Spending on Foreign Aid American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity Economic Superpower or Nation in Decline? Free Trade Challenges to Free Trade Energy Economic Weapons Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals American Exceptionalism The View from AbroadForeign-Policy Perspectives Engage the World? Isolationism Versus Intervention Go It Alone or Act with Others? Four Approaches PERSPECTIVES Who Makes Foreign Policy? Congress The President The State Department The Department of Defense TALKING POLITICS SOUND LIKE A FOREIGN-POLICY PRO Intelligence The National Security Council Other Executive Agencies INFO/DATA Are You a Global Citizen? Interest Groups and the Public Fragmentation or Success? Adding All of It Up: Grand Strategies in U.S. History Standing Alone (1918-1939) The Cold War (1945-1991) The New World Order (1989-2001) The War on Terror (2001-2009) Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy Chapter Summary Study Questions APPENDIX IThe Declaration of Independence A-1APPENDIX IIThe Constitution of the United States of America A-3APPENDIX IIIThe Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10, and 51 A-20Glossary G-1Notes N-1Credits C-1Index I-1Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789-2016 Insert
