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Full Description
Too many software applications don't do what's needed or they do it clumsily, frustrating their users and owners. The core problem: poorly conceived and poorly crafted requirements. In Designing the Requirements, Chris Britton explains why it's not enough to simply "gather" requirements-you need to design them.Britton offers powerful techniques for understanding stakeholders' concerns and working with stakeholders to get the requirements right. Using Britton's context-driven approach to requirements design, you can detect inconsistencies, incompleteness, poor usability, and misalignment with business goals upstream-long before developers start coding. You can also design outward-looking applications and services that will integrate more effectively in a coherent IT architecture.First, Britton explains what requirements design really means and presents a hierarchy of designs that move step by step from requirements through implementation. Next, he demonstrates how to build on requirements processes you already use and how to overcome their serious limitations in large-scale development. Then, he walks you through designing your application's relationship with the business, users, data, and other software to ensure superior usability, security, and maximum scalability and resilience.Whether you're a software designer, architect, project manager, or programmer, Designing the Requirements will help you design software that works-for users, IT, and the entire business.Coverage includesDesigning the entire business solution, not just its software component Using engineering-style design analysis to find flaws before implementation Designing services, and splitting large development efforts into smaller, more manageable projects Planning logical user interfaces that lead to superior user experiences Designing databases and data access to reflect the meaning of your data Building application frameworks that simplify life for programmers and project managers Setting reasonable and achievable goals for performance, availability, and security Designing for security at all levels, from strategy to code Identifying new opportunities created by context-driven design
Contents
Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xxiAbout the Author xxiiiChapter 1: Introduction to Context-Driven Design 1Designing Requirements 2What Is Design? 9Making IT Application Development More of an Engineering Discipline 19Taking IT Architecture into Account 20Concluding Remarks 21Chapter 2: A Hierarchy of Designs 23Justifying the Hierarchy of Designs 23Context Design 28Integration Design 35Technical Design 41User Interface Design 44Database Design 46Implementation 47Is It Really Engineering? 48Concluding Remarks 51Chapter 3: Reusing Existing Methods and Practices 53Agile 54Upside-Down Design 60Use Cases 62The Problem with Estimating Cost 68Why Is BDUF Big? 72Iterations 74Quality 75Testing and Inspection 76Using Existing Practices in Context-Driven Design 78Learning Organizations 80Concluding Remarks 80Chapter 4: The Problem of Large Applications 83The Dimensions of Size 84Problems with Large Projects 88Can Large Projects Be Avoided? 100Concluding Remarks 103Chapter 5: The Relationship with the Business 105Understanding Business Processes 106When It's Not a Process 112The Need for a Wider View 115Applying the Business Strategy to Application Development 118Analysis 123Concluding Remarks 128Chapter 6: The Relationship with the Users 129Adding the Detail 129Who Are the Users? 141Analyzing the Context Design 151Reviewing the Context Design 156Concluding Remarks 158Chapter 7: The Relationship to Other IT Projects 159Integration Design 161Services Interface Design 170Existing Applications 178Looking Back at the Design Process 186Concluding Remarks 188Chapter 8: User Interface Design and Ease of Use 189Logical User Interfaces 191From Tasks to Clicks 194Ease of Use 199Transaction and Task Integrity 208The User Interface Design and the Other Detailed Designs 212Concluding Remarks 212Chapter 9: Database Design 215Database Design 215Database Design Theory 223Programmers versus the Database Designer 233Database Access Services 236NoSQL 238Concluding Remarks 242Chapter 10: Technical Design-Principles 243Principles of High Performance on a Single Machine 244Principles of High Performance on Many Servers 252Principles of High Resiliency 260The Need for Testing and Benchmarking 263The Technical Design Process 265Concluding Remarks 268Chapter 11: Technical Design-Structure 271Program Structure 272What Is a Framework? 276The Variety of Programming Languages 281Choosing a Programming Language and Framework 286Extending the Framework 290Implementing Common Functionality 293Concluding Remarks 295Chapter 12: Security Design 297IT Application Security Principles 299The Security Elements of Each Design 307Security Programming 316Concluding Remarks 319Chapter 13: The Future of Application Development 323How Context-Driven Design Changes Application Development 323Context-Driven Design Opportunities 325The Application Development Challenges 332Concluding Remarks 339Appendix A: Context Design Checklist 341Description 341References 349Index 353
