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Given its importance to consumer safety, fire resistant textiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in industrial textiles. Handbook of fire resistant textiles provides a comprehensive review of the considerable advances that have occurred in the field of fire resistant textiles in recent years. It draws together scientific and technical expertise from around the world to produce an important source of current knowledge on fire resistant textiles and their use for protection in hostile environments.Part one provides an overview of fire resistant textiles. Chapters discuss burning and combustion mechanisms of textile fibers, chemical modification of natural and synthetic fibers to improve flame retardancy, multi-component flame resistant coating techniques for textiles, care and maintenance of fire resistant textiles, along with the safety, health and environmental aspects of flame retardants. Part two covers different types of fire resistant fibers and fabrics, including flame retardant cotton, wool, ceramic fibers and blends, composites and nonwovens. Part three reviews standards, regulations, and characterization of fire resistant textiles. Part four includes case studies of major applications of fire resistant textiles.The Handbook of fire resistant textiles is an invaluable resource for a broad spectrum of professionals in the textiles and apparel industries, including textile and garment manufacturers, engineers, researchers, designers, developers and buyers.
Contents
Contributor contact detailsWoodhead Publishing Series in TextilesDedicationIntroductionOverview of fire resistant textilesChapter 1: Combustion processes of textile fibresAbstract:1.1 Introduction1.2 Thermal transitions and degradation of polymers1.3 Degradation of individual fibre-forming polymer types1.4 Polymer fires and the influence of polymer degradation steps on subsequent flame retardant behaviour1.5 Flame retardancy1.6 Specific mechanistic issues relevant to fibres and textiles: char formation1.7 Potential of nanotechnology for flame retarding textiles1.8 Future trendsChapter 2: Burning mechanisms of fibersAbstract:2.1 Introduction2.2 Ignition source2.3 Thermal decomposition of solid to produce fuel2.4 Escape of fuel vapor from the degrading solid2.5 Reactions in the vapor state - oxidation2.6 Excess heat diffusion back to the solid to produce more degradation2.7 Reducing flammabilityChapter 3: Chemical modification of natural and synthetic textile fibres to improve flame retardancyAbstract:3.1 Introduction3.2 Flame retardant strategies for textile materials3.3 Polyesters3.4 Polyamides3.5 Cellulose-based fibres: cotton, cotton blends and viscose3.6 Wool and its blends3.7 Silk fibres3.8 Miscellaneous fibre-forming polymers3.9 Conclusions and future trendsChapter 4: Multi-component flame resistant coating techniques for textilesAbstract:4.1 Introduction4.2 Back-coating techniques4.3 The sol-gel coating technique4.4 Plasma surface treatments4.5 Nanoparticle-based films4.6 Layer-by-layer assembly (LbL)Chapter 5: Care and maintenance of fabrics used for flame resistant personal protective equipment (PPE)Abstract:5.1 Introduction5.2 The use of multiple fiber and fabric options in personal protective equipment (PPE)5.3 Available care and cleaning guidance5.4 Designing a care and maintenance program5.5 Implementing a care and maintenance program for flame resistant (FR) PPE garments5.6 ConclusionsChapter 6: Safety, health and environmental aspects of flame retardantsAbstract:6.1 Introduction6.2 Relevant key types of flame retardants6.3 Toxicity of smoke from combustion products6.4 Effects of individual combustion products on fire victims6.5 Potential toxicity issues associated with individual flame retardants6.6 Summary of toxicity issues associated with individual flame retardants6.7 Environmental effects of smoke with and without flame retardants6.8 Life-cycle assessment of environmental effects of using products with and without flame retardants6.9 ConclusionsTypes of fire resistant fibreChapter 7: Flame resistant cottonAbstract:7.1 Introduction7.2 Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants7.3 Durable flame retardants7.4 Flame retardants for cotton fleece fabrics7.5 Conclusions7.6 AcknowledgmentsChapter 8: Flame resistant manmade cellulosic fibresAbstract:8.1 Introduction8.2 Manmade cellulosic fibres: types and properties8.3 History of flame resistant manmade cellulosic fibres8.4 Strategies for making manmade cellulosic fibres flame resistant8.5 Additive selection8.6 Commercially available flame resistant manmade cellulosic fibres8.7 Blends8.8 Applications of flame resistant manmade cellulosic fibres8.9 New developments and technologies8.10 Future trendsChapter 9: Flame resistant wool and wool blendsAbstract:9.1 Introduction9.2 The flame resistant (FR) properties of wool9.3 The flame resistant properties of wool blends9.4 Types of fire resistant finishes9.5 Polymeric fire resistant finishes9.6 Legislation relating to fire resistant finishes9.7 Fire resistant (FR) treatments for wool and wool blends: zirconium and titanium salts9.8 FR treatments for wool and wool blends: ammonium phosphates and organophosphorus species9.9 FR treatments for wool and wool blends: other treatmentsChapter 10: Flame resistant ceramic fibresAbstract:10.1 Introduction10.2 Types of ceramic fibres10.3 Applications of ceramic fibres10.4 Future trendsChapter 11: Flame resistant composites and nanocompositesAbstract:11.1 Introduction11.2 Key composite and nanocomposite flammability issues11.3 Composite materials11.4 Fire resistance of nanocomposites11.5 Future trendsChapter 12: Flame resistant nonwoven fabricsAbstract:12.1 Introduction12.2 Nonwoven fabrics12.3 Production of nonwovens12.4 Flame resistance of nonwovens12.5 Types of flame retardants12.6 Flame resistance of cellulose12.7 Flame resistant (FR) treatments of cellulosic fibers12.8 Highloft nonwovens and cotton blend highlofts12.9 FR nonwoven applications12.10 Future trendsTesting and regulation of fire resistant textilesChapter 13: Selection of flame resistant protective clothingAbstract:13.1 Introduction13.2 Compliance with minimum requirements13.3 Key protection factors for the selection of flame resistant (FR) protective clothing13.4 Other factors effecting the selection of FR garments13.5 Case study: selection of FR workwear garments for protection against flash fires13.6 Sources of further information and adviceChapter 14: Flame resistant clothing standards and regulationsAbstract:14.1 Introduction14.2 Standardisation bodies14.3 Basic health and safety requirements (BHSR)14.4 General standards which apply to all types of protective clothing14.5 Standards for industrial garments14.6 Clothing standards for specific jobs14.7 Application of standards14.8 Future trendsChapter 15: Characterizing comfort properties of flame resistant fabrics and garmentsAbstract:15.1 Introduction15.2 Definition of comfort in clothing15.3 Comfort characterization methods15.4 Comfort properties of fabrics and garments15.5 Interactions between thermal protection and comfort15.6 Future trendsChapter 16: Physiological impact of flame resistant clothing: managing heat stressAbstract:16.1 Introduction16.2 Overview of occupational heat stress16.3 Physiological and environmental factors affecting body heat16.4 Regulation of body heat16.5 Heat stress resulting from use of fire-retardant personal protective ensembles (FR-PPEs)16.6 Strategies for mitigation of heat stress16.7 Non-physiological cooling strategies16.8 ConclusionsChapter 17: Flame retardancy testing and regulation of soft furnishingsAbstract:17.1 Introduction17.2 Soft furnishing flammability regulations: mattresses17.3 Soft furnishing flammability regulations: upholstered furniture17.4 Factors contributing to the flammability of soft furnishings17.5 Fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings17.6 Future trends in fire blocking technologiesApplications of fire resistant textilesChapter 18: Flame resistant textiles for flash firesAbstract:18.1 Introduction18.2 Flash fire hazards and regulation18.3 Performance and requirements of flame retardant textiles for flash fire protection18.4 Design of flame retardant fabrics and clothing for flash fire protection18.5 Fabric and fiber materials used in flash fire applications18.6 Recent advances in flash fire clothing18.7 Future trendsChapter 19: Flame resistant textiles for structural and proximity fire fightingAbstract:19.1 Introduction19.2 Exposure hazards19.3 Design and performance requirements of firefighter protective clothing19.4 Materials used in protective clothing for structural and proximity firefighting19.5 Key issues in the design and manufacture of clothing for structural and proximity firefighters19.6 Advances in firefighter clothing materials and technology19.7 Future trendsChapter 20: Flame resistant textiles for electric arc flash hazardsAbstract:20.1 Introduction20.2 Key flammability issues affecting electric arc clothing20.3 The development of arc flash standards and testing20.4 Performance requirements20.5 Calculation of arc ratings20.6 Design requirements20.7 Materials used in electric arc applications20.8 Effect of common weaves and other factors in arc flash20.9 Advances in electric arc clothing20.10 Future trendsChapter 21: Flame resistant textiles for molten metal hazardsAbstract:21.1 Introduction21.2 Key flammability issues for clothing protecting against molten metal21.3 Hazards from molten metal21.4 Performance requirements for protective clothing21.5 Design requirements and materials for protective clothing21.6 Advances in clothing protecting against molten metal hazards21.7 Future trendsChapter 22: Flame resistant textiles for transport applicationsAbstract:22.1 Introduction22.2 Key flammability issues of fire retardant (FR) textiles in transport22.3 General testing and performance requirements22.4 Future trendsChapter 23: Flame retardant fiber-reinforced compositesAbstract:23.1 Introduction23.2 Polymer fiber-reinforced composite flammability fundamentals23.3 Flame retardancy for fiber-reinforced polymer composites23.4 Future trends23.5 AcknowledgementsIndex
