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Textiles play a vital role in the manufacture of various medical devices, including the replacement of diseased, injured or non-functioning organs within the body. Biotextiles as medical implants provides an invaluable single source of information on the main types of textile materials and products used for medical implants. The first part of the book focuses on polymers, fibers and textile technologies, and these chapters discuss the manufacture, sterilization, properties and types of biotextiles used for medical applications, including nanofibers, resorbable polymers and shaped biotextiles. The chapters in part two provide a comprehensive discussion of a range of different clinical applications of biotextiles, including surgical sutures, arterial prostheses, stent grafts, percutaneous heart valves and drug delivery systems.This book provides a concise review of the technologies, properties and types of biotextiles used as medical devices. In addition, it addresses the biological dimension of how to design devices for different clinical applications, providing an invaluable reference for biomedical engineers of medical textiles, quality control and risk assessment specialists, as well as managers of regulatory affairs. The subject matter will also be of interest to professionals within the healthcare system including surgeons, nurses, therapists, sourcing and purchasing agents, researchers and students in different disciplines.
Contents
Contributor contact detailsWoodhead Publishing Series in TextilesPrefaceIntroductionPart I: TechnologiesChapter 1: Manufacture, types and properties of biotextiles for medical applicationsAbstract:1.1 Introduction1.2 Fiber structure1.3 Formation of synthetic fibers1.4 Processing of short (staple) and continuous (filament) fibers1.5 Understanding structure in fibers1.6 Fibrous materials used in medicine1.7 Key fiber properties1.8 Textile assemblies and their characteristics1.9 Conclusion1.10 Sources of further information and advice1.11 AcknowledgmentsChapter 2: Nanofiber structures for medical biotextilesAbstract:2.1 Introduction2.2 Techniques for producing nanofibers2.3 The electrospinning process2.4 Using electrospun poly(s-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers as scaffolds for tissue engineering2.5 Co-axial bicomponent nanofibers and their production2.6 Case study: collagen/PCL bicomponent nanofiber scaffolds for engineering bone tissues2.7 In vivo case study: engineering of blood vessels2.8 Miscellaneous applications of co-axial nanofiber structures2.9 ConclusionChapter 3: Resorbable polymers for medical applicationsAbstract:3.1 Introduction3.2 Polymer degradation3.3 Mechanical properties of existing resorbable polymers3.4 Mechano-active tissue engineering3.5 Elastomeric properties of fiber-forming copolymers3.6 Elastomeric resorbable polymers for vascular tissue engineering3.7 Conclusion and future trendsChapter 4: Shaped biotextiles for medical implantsAbstract:4.1 Introduction4.2 Vascular grafts: key developments4.3 Weaving, knitting and ePTFE technologies for producing tubular structures4.4 Improving surface properties: velour construction4.5 Multilimbed grafts4.6 Heat setting for a more resilient crimped circular configuration4.7 Grafts with taper and varying diameter4.8 Tubular structures for other devices: ligaments, hernia and prolapsed repair meshes4.9 Three-dimensional textile structures4.10 Performance requirements of implants in the body4.11 Conclusion4.12 AcknowledgementsChapter 5: Surface modification of biotextiles for medical applicationsAbstract:5.1 Introduction5.2 Nano-coatings5.3 Preparation of textile surfaces5.4 Plasma technologies for surface treatment5.5 Measuring surface properties of textiles: SEM and XPS5.6 Testing antimicrobial coatings5.7 Applications of surface treatments in medical textiles5.8 Future trends5.9 Sources of further information and adviceChapter 6: Sterilization techniques for biotextiles for medical applicationsAbstract:6.1 Introduction6.2 Bioburden and principles of sterilization6.3 Traditional sterilization: advantages and disadvantages6.4 Emerging and less traditional sterilization methods6.5 Radiochemical sterilization (RCS)6.6 Application of RCS technology6.7 Conclusion and future trendsChapter 7: Regulation of biotextiles for medical useAbstract:7.1 Introduction7.2 US regulation of biotextiles7.3 European Union regulation of biotextiles7.4 Quality standards for biotextiles7.5 The role of quality standards in the development of biotextiles7.6 Safety issues with 'me-too' products with new intended uses7.7 Dealing with cutting-edge technology7.8 ConclusionChapter 8: Retrieval studies for medical biotextilesAbstract:8.1 Introduction8.2 Standards and animal models for implant retrieval studies8.3 Testing retrieved biotextile implants: harvesting, test planning, sample preparation and cleaning8.4 Testing retrieved biotextile implants: analytical techniques8.5 Specialized tests for specific retrieval studies8.6 Precautions for retrieval studies8.7 Limitations of retrieval studies8.8 Conclusion and future trendsPart II: ApplicationsChapter 9: Drug delivery systems using biotextilesAbstract:9.1 Introduction9.2 Types of drugs9.3 Types of polymers9.4 Technologies and fiber structures9.5 Types of drug delivery systems (DDS)9.6 Future trends9.7 AcknowledgementsChapter 10: Types and properties of surgical suturesAbstract:10.1 Introduction10.2 Classification of suture materials10.3 Essential properties of suture materials10.4 Dyes and coatings to improve suture identification and properties10.6 Appendix: further information on suturesChapter 11: Materials for absorbable and nonabsorbable surgical suturesAbstract:11.1 Introduction11.2 Natural materials for absorbable sutures11.3 Synthetic materials for absorbable sutures11.4 Materials for nonabsorbable sutures11.5 Future trends11.8 Appendix: further information on suturesChapter 12: Surgical knot performance in suturesAbstract:12.1 Introduction12.2 Tensile properties of knotted sutures12.3 Knot strength12.4 Performance in dynamic tests12.5 Knot security12.6 Friction in sutures and friction-based hypothesis of knot security12.7 The use of lasers to improve knot security12.8 The use of tissue adhesive to improve knot security12.9 Conclusion12.10 AcknowledgementsChapter 13: Barbed suture technologyAbstract:13.1 Introduction13.2 The development of barbed sutures13.3 Materials for barbed sutures13.4 Barbed suture design and manufacture13.5 Testing and characterization13.6 Properties of barbed sutures13.7 Surgical techniques using barbed sutures13.8 Applications of barbed sutures13.10 AcknowledgementChapter 14: Small-diameter arterial grafts using biotextilesAbstract:14.1 Introduction14.2 Understanding compliance14.3 Tests for compliance14.4 Testing compliance in practice: a case study14.5 Engineering small-diameter vascular grafts by weaving14.6 Using elastomeric threads to construct small-diameter vascular grafts14.7 Summary14.8 AcknowledgementsChapter 15: Vascular prostheses for open surgeryAbstract:15.1 Introduction15.2 Arterial pathologies15.3 The development of modern vascular surgery15.4 Vascular grafts of biological origin15.5 Vascular prostheses from synthetic polymers and biopolymers15.6 Improving current vascular prostheses15.7 ConclusionChapter 16: Biotextiles as percutaneous heart valvesAbstract:16.1 Introduction16.2 Heart valve replacement: critical issues16.3 Textile valves: manufacturing requirements16.4 Textile valves: in vitro performance16.5 Textile valves: long-term performance16.6 Textile valves: in vivo performance16.7 Conclusions and future trendsChapter 17: Biotextiles as vena cava filtersAbstract:17.1 Introduction17.2 Current filters for embolic protection in the IVC17.3 An ideal IVC filter designChapter 18: Biotextiles for atrial septal defect repairAbstract:18.1 Introduction18.2 Anatomy and physiology of a normal functioning heart18.3 Epidemiology, pathology, incidence and patient population of ASDs18.4 Historical methods of ASD repair18.5 Current noninvasive treatments, therapies and devices used to repair ASDs18.6 Advantages and disadvantages of the current technology18.7 Future trends18.8 ConclusionChapter 19: Hemostatic wound dressingsAbstract:19.1 Introduction19.2 The importance of hemostatic textiles19.3 Understanding the clotting of blood19.4 Influence of foreign surfaces on blood clotting19.5 Existing hemostatic materials19.6 Future trendsChapter 20: Anterior cruciate ligament prostheses using biotextilesAbstract:20.1 Introduction20.2 Anatomy and structure of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)20.3 Biomechanics of the ACL20.4 Clinical problems associated with the ACL20.5 Diagnosis and treatment of ACL ruptures20.6 Autograft for ACL reconstruction20.7 Allograft for ACL reconstruction20.8 Graft healing in ACL reconstructive surgery20.9 The use of synthetic materials and prostheses in ACL reconstructive surgery20.10 Complications with synthetic ligaments20.11 Augmentation devices20.12 Tissue engineering and scaffolds20.13 Xenografts20.14 ConclusionChapter 21: Endovascular prostheses for aortic aneurysms: a new era for vascular surgeryAbstract:21.1 Introduction21.2 History and advantages of stent grafts21.3 Stent graft design and performance21.4 Prefenestrated devices for juxtarenal aneurysms21.5 Novel approaches to the treatment of juxtarenal and suprarenal aneurysms21.6 ConclusionIndex
