Description
Equip yourself to navigate environmental health with this essential resource that integrates fundamentals with cutting-edge applications and research to provide a definitive guide on how chronic exposure to modern pollutants shapes human biological outcomes and regulatory policy.
Environmental toxicology, as a field, has evolved significantly in response to the increasing awareness of how environmental contaminants affect human health. Historically, the focus was primarily on acute poisoning events and high-level exposures, but contemporary research emphasizes chronic low-level exposures and their subtle, yet significant, health effects. This book is a comprehensive exploration of the intricate relationships between environmental contaminants and their effects on human health. It delves deeply into the various types of pollutants present in our environment and examines how these contaminants interact with biological systems. Through detailed discussions on exposure pathways, toxicokinetics, and the mechanisms by which environmental toxicants exert their effects, the book covers a broad spectrum of toxicants, including heavy metals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, and emerging contaminants like nanomaterials and microplastics. The book also includes advanced discussions on the latest research methodologies and technologies in toxicology, such as omics technologies, in vitro and in vivo models, and computational toxicology. Additionally, it addresses the regulatory frameworks and policies that govern environmental health standards, offering insights into risk assessment and management practices. By combining comprehensive coverage of fundamental concepts with discussions of cutting-edge research and future directions, this book serves as an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the ongoing and future challenges of environmental toxicology and its implications for human health.
Table of Contents
Preface xxv
Acknowledgement xxvii
1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Human Health 1
Ridam Dhiman, Nancy Setia, Hargun Kaur, Harshika Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi and Gaurav Pant
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Sources of Environmental Toxins 6
1.3 Types of Pollutants 9
1.4 Environmental Exposure Pathways 9
1.5 Health Effects of Environmental Toxins 13
1.6 Current and Emerging Issues in Environmental Toxicology 16
1.7 Conclusion 19
2 Sources and Types of Environmental Contaminants 27
Priya Shukla, Pradeep Srivastava and Abha Mishra
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Emerging Contaminants and Associated Health Hazards 29
2.3 Hazardous Pollution Containing Colors and Dyes 33
2.4 Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying ECs 34
2.5 Technologies for Treatment 35
2.6 Conclusion 39
3 Air Pollution: Sources, Toxic Impacts, and Strategies for Reduction 45
Rajal Dave and Abhijeet Joshi
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Source of Pollution 48
3.3 Critical Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Health 51
3.4 Toxicology of Air Pollution 61
3.5 Risk Factors and Preventive Measures Associated with Health Damage Associated with Air Pollution 65
3.6 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Control Strategies 66
3.7 Conclusion 69
4 Air Pollution: Health Impacts and Environmental Challenges 73
Ulfat Jan and Navida Akhter
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Toxicology of Air Pollution 75
4.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 79
5 Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Air Pollution, and Mechanism of Toxicity 81
Kaustav Dasgupta, Avik Banerjee and Shikha Kumari
5.1 Introduction 82
5.2 Overview of Sources 83
5.3 Global and Local Impacts 84
5.4 Types of Air Pollutants 86
5.5 Mechanisms of Impact on Human Health 91
5.6 Vulnerable Populations 100
5.7 Global Burden of Disease 103
5.8 Mitigation and Public Health Interventions 105
5.9 Conclusion 107
6 Recent Updates in Water Contaminants 113
Ananya Dave, Pratham Prasad and Shikha Kumari
6.1 Introduction 114
6.2 Overview of Water Contamination 114
6.3 Types of Water Contaminants 117
6.4 Health Risks Associated with Water Contaminants 121
6.5 Vulnerable Populations 126
6.6 Case Studies 128
6.7 Mitigation Strategies 131
6.8 Emerging Technologies 138
6.9 Conclusion 142
7 Sources of Water Contaminants: Toxic Impacts and Remediation Approaches 145
Harshvadan Patel
7.1 Introduction 146
7.2 Types of Water Contaminants 147
7.3 Sources of Water Contamination 152
7.4 Pathways of Exposure 155
7.5 Health Impacts of Water Contaminants 156
7.6 Mitigation Strategies 157
7.7 Conclusion 158
8 Soil Pollution: Sources of Pollution and Bioremediation Pollutants from Contaminated Soil 163
Pooja Dhiman, Anita Rani and Ranjna Chauhan
8.1 Introduction 164
8.2 Sources of Soil Pollution 165
8.3 Effect of Soil Pollution on the Health of Human Beings 169
8.4 Soil Pollutant Remediation Techniques 169
8.5 Decision of Appropriate Remediation Strategy 184
8.6 Conclusion 191
9 Hazardous Health Impacts of Soil Pollution 199
Sujata Rathi and Deepak Kumar
9.1 Introduction 200
9.2 Soil: A Natural Ecosystem 202
9.3 Soil and Human Health 203
9.4 Main Threats to Soil Health and Their Deleterious Impacts on Human Health 206
9.5 Strategies and Practices for Healthy Soil for Healthy Human 218
9.6 Acknowledgement 219
10 Heavy Metals Contamination: Exposure and Remediation Methods 229
Mamta Bisht, Manoj Shrivastava, Pooja L.R., Priyanka Meena and Shemeem Shah
10.1 Introduction 230
10.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals 231
10.3 Effect of Heavy Metals 234
10.4 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity 242
10.5 Strategies for Managing Heavy Metal Toxicity 244
10.6 Conclusion 247
11 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 257
Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi and Ashish
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Major Sources of the Heavy Metal Exposure 259
11.3 Common Heavy Metals Along with Their Toxicity 260
11.4 Health Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure 264
11.5 Conclusion 265
12 Silent Killers: The Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Human Health 267
Rajni Lasyal and Brijesh Chauhan
12.1 Introduction 268
12.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination 269
12.3 Pathways of Exposure 275
12.4 Biological Impact on Human Health 278
12.5 Detection and Monitoring 283
12.6 Health Risk Assessment and Management 286
12.7 Global Perspectives and Future Challenges 291
12.8 Conclusion 295
12.9 Acknowledgment 296
13 Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Human Health and Environment 301
Ivan Aranha
13.1 Introduction 302
13.2 Pesticide Use in Agriculture 304
13.3 Impact of Pesticides on the Endocrine System 306
13.4 Reproductive Health Risks of Pesticides 308
13.5 Common Pesticide EDCs 310
13.6 Conclusions 312
14 Pesticide Contamination: Classification and Adverse Effects on Human Health 317
Neeraj Kumar, Piyus K. Pathak, Girish C. Sharma, Om Prakash, Rayeesh Ahmad Bhat and Arti Sharma
14.1 Introduction 318
14.2 History of Pesticides 319
14.3 Definition and Application of Pesticides 321
14.4 Types or Classification of Pesticides 322
14.5 Pesticide's Adverse Effects on Human Health 327
14.6 Remedial Measures 329
14.7 Conclusion 330
15 Pesticide Contamination in Soil and Water: Type of Pesticide, Route of Expose, and Its Toxic Impacts 335
Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ashish and Alvina Farooqui
15.1 Introduction 336
15.2 Types of Pesticides 337
15.3 Pesticide Application Methods 340
15.4 Mechanisms of Pesticide Action 342
15.5 Exposure Pathways 342
15.6 Acute and Chronic Health Effects 345
15.7 Pesticide Regulation and Safety 345
15.8 Conclusion 346
16 Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk 351
Santvana Tyagi, Brij Kishore Tiwari, Ali Akbar, Vaishnavi Srivastava, Richa Saxena and Dipti Bharti
16.1 Introduction 352
16.2 Types of Carcinogens 352
16.3 Mechanism of Carcinogenesis 353
16.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 358
16.5 Water Pollution and Related Carcinogenic Hazards 361
16.6 Strategies for Prevention and Management 366
16.7 Conclusion 367
17 Nanomaterials: Environmental Presence and Health Effects 371
Misba Khan, Mariyam Rafi, Nisha Ali, Archana Vimal and Reena Vishvakarma
17.1 Introduction 372
17.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Properties 373
17.3 Environmental Presence and Fate of Nanomaterials 378
17.4 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Human Health 386
17.5 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines to Attenuate Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials 395
17.6 Conclusion 397
18 Toxicity Impacts of Heavy Metals and Potential Bioremediation Techniques 407
Azad Yadav and Rajesh Dhankhar
18.1 Introduction 408
18.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 413
18.3 Bioremediation 419
18.4 Conclusion 426
19 Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Aquatic Microbiome 435
Khalid Umar Fakhri, Vani Sharma, Sugandh Kumar, Bhavya Trivedi, Durdana Yasin, Shiwali Bisht, Beenish Mirza, Syed Tauqeer Anwer, Ram Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Mavi, Farhan Jalees Ahmad and Moshahid Alam Rizvi
19.1 Introduction 436
19.2 Sources of Heavy Metals 438
19.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metals Detoxification by Micro-Organisms 443
19.4 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 446
19.5 Microbial Sharing and Cohabitation 450
19.6 Behavioral and Environmental Factors 451
19.7 Implications for Human Health 452
19.8 Personalized Approaches and Precision Microbiome Modulation 452
19.9 The Role of Microbiomes in Heavy Metal Toxicity Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metal Absorption 456
19.10 Mitigation Strategies and Future Perspectives Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 456
19.11 Global Perspectives on the Human Gut Microbiome 457
19.12 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms: The Dynamic Nature of the Gut Microbiome 458
19.13 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior 461
19.14 Mechanisms Underlying Gut Microbiome Alterations Immune System Dysregulation 463
19.15 Implications for Patient Management and Recovery 464
19.16 Long-Term Health Implications 465
19.17 Future Research Directions 466
20 Future Directions in Environmental Toxicology and Health Research 477
Richa Gupta, Neeraj Choudhary, Meena Sorout, Richa Saxena and Punita Jain
20.1 Introduction 478
20.2 Advances in Research Models 479
20.3 Technological Innovations in Environmental Health Monitoring 481
20.4 Global Collaboration on Climate Change and Environmental Toxicology 485
20.5 Personalized Environmental Health 488
20.6 Risk Profile Adjustment 488
20.7 Building Targeted Interventions 489
20.8 Exploring the Exposome 490
20.9 Definition and Importance 491
20.10 Integration of Genetic and Environmental Data 492
20.11 Significance of Collaboration 494
20.12 Conclusion 497
Acknowledgment 498
Bibliography 498
About the Editors 503
Index 505
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