- ホーム
- > 電子洋書
Description
Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells
Comprehensive resource covering hydrogen oxidation reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, classes of electrocatalytic materials, and characterization methods
Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells focuses on all aspects of electrocatalysis for energy applications, covering perspectives as well as the low-temperature fuel systems principles, with main emphasis on hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Following an introduction to basic principles of electrochemistry for electrocatalysis with attention to the methods to obtain the parameters crucial to characterize these systems, Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells covers sample topics such as:
- Electrocatalytic materials and electrode configurations, including precious versus non-precious metal centers, stability and the role of supports for catalytic nano-objects;
- Fundamentals on characterization techniques of materials and the various classes of electrocatalytic materials;
- Theoretical explanations of materials and systems using both Density Functional Theory (DFT) and molecular modelling;
- Principles and methods in the analysis of fuel cells systems, fuel cells integration and subsystem design.
Electrocatalysis for Membrane Fuel Cells quickly and efficiently introduces the field of electrochemistry, along with synthesis and testing in prototypes of materials, to researchers and professionals interested in renewable energy and electrocatalysis for chemical energy conversion.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
Part I Overview of Systems 1
1 System-level Constraints on Fuel Cell Materials and Electrocatalysts 3
Elliot Padgett and Dimitrios Papageorgopoulos
1.1 Overview of Fuel Cell Applications and System Designs 3
1.2 Application-derived Requirements and Constraints 10
1.3 Material Pathways to Improved Fuel Cells 18
1.4 Note 19
2 PEM Fuel Cell Design from the Atom to the Automobile 23
Andrew Haug and Michael Yandrasits
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 The PEMFC Catalyst 27
2.3 The Electrode 32
2.4 Membrane 38
2.5 The GDL 42
2.6 CCM and MEA 46
2.7 Flowfield and Single Fuel Cell 50
2.8 Stack and System 55
Part II Basics – Fundamentals 69
3 Electrochemical Fundamentals 71
Vito Di Noto, Gioele Pagot, Keti Vezzù, Enrico Negro, and Paolo Sgarbossa
3.1 Principles of Electrochemistry 71
3.2 The Role of the First Faraday Law 71
3.3 Electric Double Layer and the Formation of a Potential Difference at the Interface 73
3.4 The Cell 74
3.5 The Spontaneous Processes and the Nernst Equation 75
3.6 Representation of an Electrochemical Cell and the Nernst Equation 77
3.7 The Electrochemical Series 79
3.8 Dependence of the E cell on Temperature and Pressure 82
3.9 Thermodynamic Efficiencies 83
3.10 Case Study – The Impact of Thermodynamics on the Corrosion of Low-T FC Electrodes 85
3.11 Reaction Kinetics and Fuel Cells 88
3.12 Charge Transfer Theory Based on Distribution of Energy States 89
3.13 Conclusions 103
4 Quantifying the Kinetic Parameters of Fuel Cell Reactions 111
Viktoriia A. Saveleva, Juan Herranz, and Thomas J. Schmidt
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECSA) Determination 114
4.3 H 2 -Oxidation and Electrochemical Setups for the Quantification of Kinetic Parameters 121
4.4 ORR Kinetics 129
4.5 Concluding Remarks 133
5 Adverse and Beneficial Functions of Surface Layers Formed on Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 149
Shimshon Gottesfeld
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 Catalyst Capping in Heterogeneous Catalysis and in Electrocatalysis 151
5.3 Passivation of PGM/TM and Non-PGM HOR Catalysts and Its Possible Prevention 156
5.4 Literature Reports on Fuel Cell Catalyst Protection by Capping 161
5.5 Other Means for Improving the Performance Stability of Supported Electrocatalysts 166
5.6 Conclusions 170
Part III State of the Art 175
6 Design of PGM-free ORR Catalysts: From Molecular to the State of the Art 177
Naomi Levy and Lior Elbaz
6.1 Introduction 177
6.2 The Influence of Molecular Changes Within the Complex 179
6.3 Cooperative Effects Between Neighboring MCs 190
6.4 The Physical and/or Chemical Interactions Between the Catalyst and Its Support Material 193
6.5 Effect of Pyrolysis 194
7 Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes 205
Indra N. Pulidindi and Meital Shviro
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Mechanism of the HOR in Alkaline Media 206
7.3 Electrocatalysts for Alkaline HOR 212
7.4 Conclusions 220
8 Membranes for Fuel Cells 227
Paolo Sgarbossa, Giovanni Crivellaro, Francesco Lanero, Gioele Pagot, Afaaf R. Alvi, Enrico Negro, Keti Vezzù, and Vito Di Noto
8.1 Introduction 227
8.2 Properties of the PE separators 228
8.3 Classification of Ion-exchange Membranes 240
8.4 Mechanism of Ion Conduction 259
8.5 Summary and Perspectives 268
9 Supports for Oxygen Reduction Catalysts: Understanding and Improving Structure, Stability, and Activity 287
Iwona A. Rutkowska, Sylwia Zoladek, and Pawel J. Kulesza
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 Carbon Black Supports 288
9.3 Decoration and Modification with Metal Oxide Nanostructures 289
9.4 Carbon Nanotube as Carriers 291
9.5 Doping, Modification, and Other Carbon Supports 293
9.6 Graphene as Catalytic Component 293
9.7 Metal Oxide-containing ORR Catalysts 296
9.8 Photodeposition of Pt on Various Oxide–Carbon Composites 299
9.9 Other Supports 301
9.10 Alkaline Medium 302
9.11 Toward More Complex Hybrid Systems 303
9.12 Stabilization Approaches 306
9.13 Conclusions and Perspectives 307
Part IV Physical–Chemical Characterization 319
10 Understanding the Electrocatalytic Reaction in the Fuel Cell by Tracking the Dynamics of the Catalyst by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 321
Ditty Dixon, Aiswarya Bhaskar, and Aswathi Thottungal
10.1 Introduction 321
10.2 A Short Introduction to XAS 323
10.3 Application of XAS in Electrocatalysis 325
10.4 Δμ XANES Analysis to Track Adsorbate 334
10.5 Time-resolved Operando XAS Measurements in Fuel Cells 338
10.6 Fourth-generation Synchrotron Facilities and Advanced Characterization Techniques 340
10.7 Conclusions 342
Part V Modeling 349
11 Unraveling Local Electrocatalytic Conditions with Theory and Computation 351
Jun Huang, Mohammad J. Eslamibidgoli, and Michael H. Eikerling
11.1 Local Reaction Conditions: Why Bother? 351
11.2 From Electrochemical Cells to Interfaces: Basic Concepts 352
11.3 Characteristics of Electrocatalytic Interfaces 355
11.4 Multifaceted Effects of Surface Charging on the Local Reaction Conditions 356
11.5 The Challenges in Modeling Electrified Interfaces using First-principles Methods 358
11.6 A Concerted Theoretical–Computational Framework 362
11.7 Case Study: Oxygen Reduction at Pt(111) 364
11.8 Outlook 367
Part VI Protocols 375
12 Quantifying the Activity of Electrocatalysts 377
Karla Vega-Granados and Nicolas Alonso-Vante
12.1 Introduction: Toward a Systematic Protocol for Activity Measurements 377
12.2 Materials Consideration 378
12.3 Electrochemical Cell Considerations 382
12.4 Parameters Diagnostic of Electrochemical Performance 396
12.5 Stability Tests 407
12.6 Data Evaluation (Auxiliary Techniques) 409
12.7 Conclusions 411
13 Durability of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Methods for Performance Assessment 429
Bianca M. Ceballos and Piotr Zelenay
13.1 Introduction 429
13.2 Fuel Cell PGM-free Electrocatalysts for Low-temperature Applications 431
13.3 PGM-free Electrocatalyst Degradation Pathways 432
13.4 PGM-free Electrocatalyst Durability and Metrics 440
13.5 Low-PGM Catalyst Degradation 447
13.6 Conclusion 457
Part VII Systems 471
14 Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 473
Andrea Baricci, Andrea Casalegno, Dario Maggiolo, Federico Moro, Matteo Zago, and Massimo Guarnieri
14.1 Introduction 473
14.2 General Equations for PEMFC Models 474
14.3 Multiphase Water Transport Model for PEMFCs 483
14.4 Fluid Mechanics in PEMFC Porous Media: From 3D Simulations to 1D Models 488
14.5 Physical-based Modeling for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 496
14.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 502
15 Physics-based Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: From Cell to Automotive Systems 511
Andrea Baricci, Matteo Zago, Simone Buso, Marco Sorrentino, and Andrea Casalegno
15.1 Polymer Fuel Cell Model for Stack Simulation 511
15.2 Auxiliary Subsystems Modeling 519
15.3 Electronic Power Converters for Fuel Cell-powered Vehicles 525
15.4 Fuel Cell Powertrains for Mobility Use 532
Acronyms 540
Symbols 541
References 541
Index 545
