Description
At the end of 2019, the world came across a virus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes a disease classified as COVID-19. The virus is highly transmissible and causes an acute respiratory syndrome that ranges from mild symptoms in about 80% cases to very severe symptoms with respiratory failure in 5% to 10% of cases. The epicenter of the outbreak of this pandemic was Wuhan, a city in China’s Hubei Province. The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of COVID-19 to be a pandemic and classified it as a high global risk. Human health risk assessment for COVID-19 depends on the characteristics of the virus and includes the process of gathering and analyzing environmental and health information using specific techniques to support decision making, systematically taking actions, and articulating the collected information within and between sectors for promoting health and improving the social and living conditions of populations. To assess COVID-19 risk factors, it is important to consider and document all relevant information available at the time of assessment. In this way, decision making will get a direction and the assessment process will get recorded, which includes evaluation of the risk factors, control measures, methods used for evaluation, why they were considered important, and their order of priority. This book addresses in detail the challenges posed by the virus and presents up-to-date knowledge on safety risk assessment and economics, as well as ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of COVID-19.
Table of Contents
1. COVID-19 in the Environment
Gabriela Zimmermann Prado Rodrigues, Aline Belem Machado, Juliana Machado Kayser, G¨unther Gehlen, and Daiane Bolzan Berlese
2. Environmental Fate of COVID-19
Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Os´orio, Alessa Maria Ceratti, Darlan Daniel Alves, Eduarda Sthefanie Mittelstadt, Fernando Luzardo Rabelo, Filipe Brochier, J ´ ulia Luz Bohrer, Vanusca Dalosto Jahno, and Daniela M¨uller de Quevedo
3. Health Hazards of COVID-19
Aline Belem Machado, Gabriela Zimmermann Prado Rodrigues, Jorge Henrique Burghausen, G¨unther Gehlen, and Daiane Bolzan Berlese
4. Personal Protective Equipment and Coronavirus Disease
Daniela Patr´ıcia Freire Bonfim, Bruno de Ara´ ujo Lima, Tayanna Cristina Passos Pereira, Mar´ılia Sonego, Alessandro Estarque de Oliveira, V´ adila Giovana Guerra, and Mˆonica Lopes Aguiar
5. Health ServiceWaste and COVID-19: Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Approaches, and Challenges
Gustavo Marques da Costa and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
6. Coronavirus: Exposure and Risk toWorkers’ Health
C´atia Aguiar Lenz and Michele Antunes
7. Ethical Issues in COVID-19
Haide Maria Hupffer, Maicon Artmann, and Wilson Engelmann
8. Brazil against COVID-19: Analysis from a Typology of Public Policies to Face the Pandemic with Development
M´ario Jaime Gomes de Lima and Iara Regina Chaves
9. Economic Effects of COVID-19 on Brazil in the Twenty-First Century
Iara Regina Chaves and M´ario Jaime Gomes de Lima
10. New Legalization for COVID-19
M´arcio Teixeira Bittencourt, Germana Menescal Bittencourt, and Katiucia Nascimento Adam
11. Modern Policy and Decision Making about COVID-19
Wilson Engelmann, J´eferson Alexandre Rodrigues, and Haide Maria Hupffer
12. Physical Barrier against COVID-19: Materials to Inhibit or Eliminate the Virus
Alessandro Estarque de Oliveira, Karine Machry, Bruno Jos´e Chiaramonte de Castro, Gustavo Cardoso da Mata, Andr´e Bernardo, V´ adila Giovana Guerra, and Mˆonica Lopes Aguiar
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