Description
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Environmental and Health Impact of Hospital Wastewater narrates the origin (history) of pharmaceuticals discoveries, hospital wastewater and its environmental and health impacts. It covers microbiology of hospital wastewater (pathogens, multi-drug resistance development, microbial evolution and impacts on humans, animals, fish), advanced treatment options (including biological, physical and chemical methods), and highlights aspects required during hospital wastewater treatment processes. This book provides an amalgamation of all recent scientific information on hospital wastewater which is not available in the current literature.- Introduces physical, chemical and molecular testing methods for the analysis and characterization of hospital wastewater- Discusses the environmental impact and health hazards of hospital wastewater- Describes the microbiological aspects of the hospital wastewater, like microbial community, metagenomics, pathogens, VBNC and mechanism of antibiotic resistance development- Explains hospital wastewater and its role in microbial evolution- Highlights future treatment options, guidelines and drug disposal tactics
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater1.1 Introduction1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery1.4 Antibiotic discovery1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment1.7 Conclusion and future perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater2.1 Introduction2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds2.7 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes3.1 Introduction3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment3.6 Conclusions and perspectivesReferences4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater4.1 Introduction4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater4.6 Horizontal gene transfer4.7 Emerging infectious particles4.8 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviations5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods5.1 Introduction5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis5.6 Summary5.7 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater6.1 Introduction6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance6.3 Antifungal drug resistance6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes6.6 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater7.1 Introduction7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment7.5 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution8.1 Introduction8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology8.4 Soil microbiology8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run8.6 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology9.1 Introduction9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications9.3 Microbial association with animals9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens9.8 Policy interventions in animal health9.9 Conclusions and perspectivesAbbreviationsReferences10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens10.1 Introduction10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ)10.3 Classification of bacteriophages10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant10.
