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A comprehensive overview of the research developments in the burgeoning field of metal-air batteries
An innovation in battery science and technology is necessary to build better power sources for our modern lifestyle needs. One of the main fields being explored for the possible breakthrough is the development of metal-air batteries. Metal-Air Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications offers a systematic summary of the fundamentals of the technology and explores the most recent advances in the applications of metal-air batteries. Comprehensive in scope, the text explains the basics in electrochemical batteries and introduces various species of metal-air batteries.
The authors—noted experts in the field—explore the development of metal-air batteries in the order of Li-air battery, sodium-air battery, zinc-air battery and Mg-O2 battery, with the focus on the Li-air battery. The text also addresses topics such as metallic anode, discharge products, parasitic reactions, electrocatalysts, mediator, and X-ray diffraction study in Li-air battery. Metal-Air Batteries provides a summary of future perspectives in the field of the metal-air batteries. This important resource:
- Covers various species of metal-air batteries and their components as well as system designation
- Contains groundbreaking content that reviews recent advances in the field of metal-air batteries
- Focuses on the battery systems which have the greatest potential for renewable energy storage
Written for electrochemists, physical chemists, materials scientists, professionals in the electrotechnical industry, engineers in power technology, Metal-Air Batteries offers a review of the fundamentals and the most recent developments in the area of metal-air batteries.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Metal–Air Batteries: Theory and Basic Principles 1
Zhiwen Chang and Xin-bo Zhang
1.1 Li–O2 Battery 1
1.2 Sodium–O2 Battery 5
2 Stabilization of Lithium-Metal Anode in Rechargeable Lithium–Air Batteries 11
Bin Liu,Wu Xu, and Ji-Guang Zhang
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Recent Progresses in Li Metal Protection for Li–O2 Batteries 13
2.3 Challenges and Perspectives 30
3 Li–Air Batteries: Discharge Products 41
Xuanxuan Bi, RongyueWang, and Jun Lu
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Discharge Products in Aprotic Li–O2 Batteries 43
3.3 Discharge Products in Li–Air Batteries 56
4 Electrolytes for Li–O2 Batteries 65
Alex R. Neale, Peter Goodrich, Christopher Hardacre, and Johan Jacquemin
4.1 General Li–O2 Battery Electrolyte Requirements and Considerations 65
4.2 Future Outlook 87
5 Li–Oxygen Battery: Parasitic Reactions 95
Xiahui Yao, Qi Dong, Qingmei Cheng, and DunweiWang
5.1 The Desired and Parasitic Chemical Reactions for Li–Oxygen Batteries 95
5.2 Parasitic Reactions of the Electrolyte 96
5.3 Parasitic Reactions at the Cathode 102
5.4 Parasitic Reactions on the Anode 112
5.5 New Opportunities from the Parasitic Reactions 116
5.6 Summary and Outlook 117
6 Li–Air Battery: Electrocatalysts 125
Zhiwen Chang and Xin-bo Zhang
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Types of Electrocatalyst 126
6.3 Research of Catalyst 135
6.4 Reaction Mechanism 138
6.5 Summary 141
7 Lithium–Air BatteryMediator 151
Zhuojian Liang, Guangtao Cong, YuWang, and Yi-Chun Lu
7.1 Redox Mediators in Lithium Batteries 151
7.2 Selection Criteria and Evaluation of Redox Mediators for Li–O2 Batteries 156
7.3 Charge Mediators 166
7.4 Discharge Mediator 186
7.5 Conclusion and Perspective 194
8 Spatiotemporal Operando X-ray Diffraction Study on Li–Air Battery 207
Di-Jia Liu and Jiang-Lan Shui
8.1 Microfocused X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD) and Li–O2 Cell Experimental Setup 207
8.2 Study on Anode: Limited Reversibility of Lithium in Rechargeable LAB 209
8.3 Study on Separator: Impact of Precipitates to LAB Performance 217
8.4 Study on Cathode: Spatiotemporal Growth of Li2O2 During Redox Reaction 222
9 Metal–Air Battery: In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Techniques 233
IainM. Aldous, Laurence J. Hardwick, Richard J. Nichols, and J. Padmanabhan Vivek
9.1 Raman Spectroscopy 233
9.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 247
9.3 UV/Visible Spectroscopic Studies 253
9.4 Electron Spin Resonance 257
9.5 Summary and Outlook 262
10 Zn–Air Batteries 265
Tongwen Yu, Rui Cai, and Zhongwei Chen
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 Zinc Electrode 266
10.3 Electrolyte 268
10.4 Separator 270
10.5 Air Electrode 271
10.6 Conclusions and Outlook 288
11 Experimental and Computational Investigation of Nonaqueous Mg/O2 Batteries 293
Jeffrey G. Smith, Gülin Vardar, CharlesW. Monroe, and Donald J. Siegel
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 Experimental Studies of Magnesium/Air Batteries and Electrolytes 295
11.3 Computational Studies of Mg/O2 Batteries 310
11.4 Concluding Remarks 320
12 Novel Methodologies to Model Charge Transport in Metal–Air Batteries 331
Nicolai RaskMathiesen,Marko Melander,Mikael Kuisma, Pablo García-Fernández, and JuanMaria García Lastra
12.1 Introduction 331
12.2 Modeling Electrochemical Systems with GPAW 333
12.3 Second Principles for MaterialModeling 351
13 Flexible Metal–Air Batteries 367
Huisheng Peng, Yifan Xu, Jian Pan, Yang Zhao, LieWang, and Xiang Shi
13.1 Introduction 367
13.2 Flexible Electrolytes 368
13.3 Flexible Anodes 378
13.4 Flexible Cathodes 381
13.5 Prototype Devices 386
13.6 Summary 394
14 Perspectives on the Development of Metal–Air Batteries 397
Zhiwen Chang and Xin-bo Zhang
14.1 Li–O2 Battery 397
14.2 Na–O2 Battery 401
14.3 Zn–air Battery 402
References 403
Index 407
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