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The historical and technological significance of cobalt and its compounds
Cobalt: named after goblins, allotted to gods.
Cobalt and its compounds have had a long and important part to play in history. Metallic cobalt is a modern innovation, vital in the green energy transition. However, cobalt compounds have been used for 3,500 years to create deep-blue pigments, featuring in many important works of art and religious artefacts, associated with heaven, eternity and the divine. Cobalt ores are rare, and their exploitation is a dangerous pursuit. Their co-occurrence with arsenic has led to severe health consequences for workers, which were blamed on supernatural spirits and goblins, "kobolds", from which the name cobalt is derived. Of Goblins and Gods discusses the state-of-the-art of the extraction and use of cobalt ores through history, alongside the technology involved in making and applying cobalt pigments in many man-made materials across all regions and periods, from the Death Mask of Tutankhamun and pre-Islamic tiles to Indian manuscripts and the windows of Canterbury Cathedral.
Contents
Preface
Part 1 — Cobalt through the ages
Chapter 1
Cobalt: Of goblins and gods
Andrew J. Shortland
Chapter 2
Cobalt through the ages, illustrated through a selection of objects demonstrating its use
Andrew J. Shortland
Part 2 — Sources and signatures
Chapter 3
Norwegian cobalt production and uses
Lasse Hermansen Bjørnland
Chapter 4
Provenancing smalt: The potential of geological analysis
Patrick Degryse and Andrew J. Shortland
Chapter 5
Variations in the chemical signatures of cobalt colourants used in glass from the 17th to the early 20th centuries
Bernard Gratuze
Chapter 6
The cobalt mine at Kashan, Iran: A brief overview of its history, from the pre- Mongol period to the early 20th century
Moujan Matin
Chapter 7
Cobalt mining at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK
Nigel Dibben
Part 3 — Applications
Chapter 8
Cobalt in Late Bronze Age glassmaking: Insights from archaeometric analyses and case studies
Victoria Kemp and Andrew J. Shortland
Chapter 9
Early Islamic cobalt-blue glass: Colourant and matrix
Nadine Schibille
Chapter 10
Smalt and other blues in painting from South Asia and Iran
Katherine Eremin, Penley Knipe, Georgina Rayner, Jinah Kim, Richard Newman, Erin Mysak and Michelle Derrick
Chapter 11
The use of cobalt on Chinese ceramics from the 7th to 20th centuries CE
Yun Zhang and A. Mark Pollard
Chapter 12
Light and dark blue: A non-destructive analysis of blue enamel and underglaze compositions in Fürstenberg porcelains
Dennis Braekmans, Jens Storre, Christian Lechelt, Rosa Seepma and Andrew J. Shortland
