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The origin, dispersal, deposition and burial of natural sediment grains is the central concern of sedimentology. The subject is truly inter disciplinary, commands the attention of Earth scientists, is of consider able interest to fluid dynamicists and civil engineers, and it finds widespread practical applications in industry. Sedimentology may be approached from two viewpoints: a descrip tive approach, as exemplified by traditional petrography and facies analysis, and a quantitative approach through the physical and chemical sciences. Both approaches are complementary and must be used in tandem if the recent remarkable progress in the field is to be sustained. This text aims to introduce such a combined approach to senior undergraduate students, graduate students and to interested professional Earth scientists. Thus the many descriptive diagrams in the text are counterbalanced by the use of basic physical and chemical reasoning through equations. I have tried to construct a text that follows logically on from the origin of sediment grains through fluid flow, transport, deposition and diagenesis (the change from sediment to rock). The text has been written assuming that some basic previous instruction has been given in the Earth sciences and in general physics and chemistry. Certain important derivations are given in appendices. I have avoided advanced mathematical treatment since it is my opinion that recogni tion of the basic physical or chemical basis to a problem is more important to the student than the formal mathematical reduction of poorly gathered data. As T. H.
Contents
One The Origin of Sediment Grains.- Theme.- 1 The origin of terriginous clastic grains.- 2 The origin of calcium carbonate grains.- 3 Evaporites, biogenic silica, and phosphates.- 4 Grain properties.- Two Fluid Flow and Sediment Transport.- Theme.- 5 Fluid properties and fluid motion.- 6 Transport of sediment grains.- 7 Sediment gravity flows.- Three Bedformsand Sedimentary Structures.- Theme.- 8 Bedforms and structures in granular sediments.- 9 Bedforms caused by erosion of cohesive sediment.- 10 Biogenic and organo-sedimentary structures.- 11 Soft sediment deformation structures.- Four Environmental and Facies Analysis.- Theme.- 12 Environmental and facies analysis.- Five Continental Environments and Facies Analysis.- Theme.- 13 Deserts.- 14 Alluvial fans.- 15 River plains.- 16 Lakes.- 17 Glacial environments.- Six Coastal and Shelf Environments and Facies Analysis.- Theme.- 18 Physical processes of coast and shelf.- 19 Deltas.- 20 Estuaries.- 21 'Linear' clastic shorelines.- 22 Clastic shelves.- 23 Carbonate-evaporite shorelines, shelves and basins.- Seven Oceanic Environments and Facies Analysis.- Theme.- 24 Oceanic processes.- 25 Clastic oceanic environments.- 26 Pelagic oceanic sediments.- Eight Diagenesis: Sediment into Rock.- Theme.- 27 Diagenesis: general considerations.- 28 Terrigenous clastic sediments.- 29 Carbonate sediments.- 30 Evaporites, silica, iron and manganese.- 31 Hydrocarbons.- References.
