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Full Description
Estuaries are highly dynamic systems subject to changes occurring over a spectrum of time scales ranging from very short periods (e. g. over a tidal cycle) to geologic time scales. The nature of an estuary reflects complex responses to many driving forces, each having a characteristic frequency (or frequencies) of change. For example, freshwater inflow to estuaries varies daily in response to short-term events such as storms, seasonally, and between years as a result of longer-term climatic variability. Other important components of weather, e. g. wind speed/ direction and daily insolation, also vary over time scales ranging from hours to years. Tidal amplitude changes continuously with dominant frequencies associated with the semi-diurnal cycle, the fortnightly neap-spring, and the semi-annual cycle. Temporal dynamics of these driving forces evoke responses in the form of changing (I) circulation patterns and mixing, (2) sediment composition and transport, (3) solute speciation and distribution, (4) composition and abundance of particulates, (5) biomass, species composition, and productivity of plant and animal communities, (6) rates of material exchange between the sediments, water column, and atmosphere, and (7) bioavailability of trace metals and other pollutants. The purpose of this book is to examine the temporal dynamics of these properties and processes in the San Francisco Bay estuary.
Contents
1. Environmental setting of San Francisco Bay.- 2. Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters.- 3. Interannual variability in dissolved inorganic nutrients in Northern San Francisco Bay Estuary.- 4. Gas exchange in San Francisco Bay.- 5. Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay.- 6. Temporal fluctuations in grain size, organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay.- 7. Temporal fluctuations of silver, copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay.- 8. Time scales of change in the San Francisco Bay benthos.- 9. The distribution and temporal dynamics of the estuarine macroalgal community of San Francisco Bay.- 10. Temporal dynamics of estuarine phytoplankton: A case study of San Francisco Bay.- 11. Seasonal cycles of zooplankton from San Francisco Bay.- 12. Seasonal and interannual variation in distribution and population abundance of the shrimp Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay.- 13. Distribution and abundance of fishes in the San Francisco Bay estuary between 1980 and 1982.- 14. Time scales and mechanisms of estuarine variability, a synthesis from studies of San Francisco Bay.
