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Full Description
Energy Storage not only plays an important role in conservinq the energy but also improves the performance and reliability of a wide range of energy systems. Energy storagp. leads to saving of premium fuels and makes the system morA cost effective by reducing the wastage of energy. In most systems there is a mismatch between the energy supply and energy demand. The energy storage can even out this imbalance and thereby help in savings of capital costs. Enerqy storage is all the more important where the enerqy source is intermittent such as Solar Energy. The use of jntermittent energy sources is likely to grow. If more and more solar energy is to be used for domestic and industrial applications then energy storage is very crucial. If no storage is used in solar energy systems then the major part of the energy demand will be met by the back-up or auxiliary energy and therefore the so called annual solar load fract]on will be very low. In case of solar energy, both short term and long term energy storage systems can be used whjch can adjust the phase difference between solar energy supply and energy demand and can match seasonal demands to the solar availability respectively. Thermal energy storage can lead to capital cost savings, fuel savjngs, and fuel substitution in many application areas. Developing an optimum thermal storaqe system is as important an area of research as developinq an alternative source of energy.
Contents
1 Importance and modes of energy storage.- 1.1 The importance of energy storage.- 1.2 Influence of type and extent of mismatch on storage.- 1.3 Size and duration of storage.- 1.4 Applications.- 1.5 Quality of energy and modes of energy storage.- 1.6 Thermal energy storage.- 1.7 Mechanical energy storage.- 1.8 Electrical and magnetic energy storage.- 1.9 Chemical energy storage.- References.- 2 Sensible heat storage.- 2.1 Sensible heat storage basics.- 2.2 Sensible heat storage and type of load.- 2.3 Sensible heat storage media.- 2.4 Well-mixed liquid storage.- 2.5 Stratified liquid storage.- 2.6 Containers for water storage.- 2.7 Packed bed storage system.- References.- Appendix -I.- Appendix - II.- 3 Latent heat or phase change thermal energy storage.- 3.1 Basics of latent heat storage.- 3.2 Liquid-solid transformation.- 3.3 Phase change materials (PCM).- 3.4 Selection of PCM.- 3.5 Storage in salt hydrates.- 3.6 Prevention of incongruent melting and thermal cycling.- 3.7 Storage in paraffins.- 3.8 Heat transfer in PCM.- 3.9 Heat exchange arrangement and containment of PCM.- 3.10 Storage in PCM undergoing solid-solid transition.- 3.11 Heat of solution storage and heat exchangers.- References.- 4 Chemical energy storage.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Selection Criterion.- 4.3 Energy storage in thermal dissociation type of reactions.- 4.4 Methane based reactions.- 4.5 Heat transformation (HT) and chemical heat pumps (CHP).- 4.6 Three step approach.- 4.7 Energy storage by adsorption.- References.- 5 Longterm energy storage.- 5.1 Solar ponds.- 5.2 Energy storage in aquifers.- 5.3 Heat storage in underground water tanks.- References.- 6 Energy storage in building materials.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic passive designs.- 6.3 PCM in building panels.- 6.4 Experiments on PCM buildingpanels.- 6.5 Applications.- References.- 7 High temperature heat storage.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Techniques for thermal energy storage.- 7.3 Sensible heat storage systems.- 7.4 Phase change energy storage systems and ceramic pellets.- 7.5 Chemical reactions.- References.- 8 Testing of thermal energy storage system.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Historical development.- 8.3 Related studies.- 8.4 Basis and evolution of testing procedures.- 8.5 Standard procedure.- 8.6 Some comments.- References.- Appendices.- Appendix 1 Conversion of units.- Appendix 2 Physical properties of some solid materials.- Appendix 3 Physical properties of some building and insulating materials.- Appendix 4 Physical properties of some liquids.- Appendix 5 Physical properties of some liquid metals.- Appendix 6 Physical properties of saturated water.- Appendix 7 Physical properties of saturated steam.- Appendix 8 Physical properties of some gases.- Appendix 9 Physical properties of dry air at atmospheric pressure.- Appendix 10 Freezing points of aqueous solutions.- Appendix11 Properties of typical refrigerants.- Appendix 12 Storage capacities.- Appendix 13 Properties of some promising latent-heat thermal energy storage materials.- Appendix 14 Solubility behavior of candidate salts for salt-gradient solar pond.
