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Considering the enormous cultural plurality of India and uneven socio-economic development of its people, the Government of India listed certain communities as Scheduled Tribes (STs) for initiating development programmes and providing assured representation. Despite such provisions, in case of a few groups, the common programmes did not appear to make any headway. In fact, their population was either stagnant or declining suggesting high mortality rates. In order to ensure the develop-ment of these poorest of the poor among the ST communities, certain groups were identified initially in 1975. The criteria fixed for identification included declining or stagnant population, very low level of literacy and pre-agricultural level of technology. Thus 75 groups among the ST communities of India were identified in 17 States and 1 Union Territory, who initially were called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), and later renamed as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). During April to June 2012 the Anthropological Survey of India carried out a study of all the PVTGs. Its research teams visited various States, concerned tribal development agencies and non-government organizations. The survey was conducted with emphasis on gathering data on their socio-economic status and development.
Contents
Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi
Introduction
K.K. Misra and Suresh Patil xiii
1 The Ang or the Jarawa of Andaman Islands - Anstice Justin 1
2 The Asur of Jharkhand - S.S. Mishra 19
3 The Baiga of Madhya Pradesh - Kattoju Ravi and Raj Kishor Mahato 27
4 The Bharia of Madhya Pradesh - Kattoju Ravi, Sanjay K. Shukla and Raj Kishor Mahato 43
5 The Birhor of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal - S.S. Mishra et al. 61
6 The Birjia of Jharkhand - S.S. Mishra 91
7 The Bondo of Odisha - Shyamal Kumar Nandy 101
8 The Buksa of Uttarakhand - Nishant Saxena, Vandana Kumari, Priyanka Singh and Bimal Rawat 111
9 The Chenchu of Andhra Pradesh - Md. Azeez Mohidden 125
10 The Cholanaickan of Kerala - Nilanjan Khatua 137
11 The Chuktia Bhunjia of Odisha - Rabiranjan Biswas 147
12 The Gnatare or Didayi of Odisha - Krishna Mandal 153
13 The Gadaba of Andhra Pradesh - A. Aparna 163
14 The Great Andamanese of Andaman & Nicobar Islands - Anstice Justin 173
15 The Irular of Tamil Nadu - C.R. Sathyanarayanan 187
16 The Juang of Odisha - Sudhansu Gangopadhyay 195
17 The Kadar of Kerala - R. Rajendra Prasad 207
18 The Kamar of Chhattisgarh - Sheela Das Gupta, Shampa Gangopadhyay, G.R. Lakshmi and K.M. Sinha Roy 215
19 The Katkari or Kathodi of Maharashtra and Gujarat - J. Sreenath and D.Venkata Siva 227
20 The Kharia and the Hill Kharia of Odisha and Jharkhand - Nupur Sinha 243
21 The Kolam of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra - B.V. Raviprasad, D. Xaviour and Samit Ghosal 249
22 The Kolgha of Gujarat - Raj Kumar 273
23 The Konda Reddi of Andhra Pradesh - M. Rajendra Prasad 281
24 The Khond of Andhra Pradesh - G.V. Ramana 297
25 The Dongria Khond of Odisha - Subrata Ray 307
26 The Kutia Kondha of Odisha - Sumitabha Chakraborty 319
27 The Koraga of Karnataka and Kerala - H.M. Patel and Suresh Patil 331
28 The Hill Korwa of Chhattisgarh - S. Gangopadhyay, G.R. Lakshmi and
Sheela Das Gupta 341
29 The Korwa of Jharkhand - K.M. Sinha Roy and B.R. Hansdah 349
30 The Kota of Tamil Nadu - C.R. Sathyanarayanan 355
31 The Kotwalia of Gujarat - Pritish Chaudhuri 363
32 The Kurumbas (in the Nilgiris District) in Tamil Nadu and Kurumbas, Kurumbar and Kurumban in Kerala - C.R. Sathyanarayanan 375
33 The Jenu Kuruba, Kadu Kuruba and Kattunayakan of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala - C.R. Sathyanarayanan, B.R. Vijayendra, Suresh Patil and Nilanjan Khatua 395
34 The Lodha of West Bengal and Odisha Chhanda Mukhopadhyay, Rapti Pan and Sudipta Kumar Behera 425
35 The Madia of Maharashtra - Tamal Maity 441
36 The Abhuj Maria of Chhattisgarh - K.M. Sinha Roy, Amit Soni, Rajesh Roshan and Vijay Kumar 453
37 The Mal Paharia of Jharkhand - B. Oraon 459
38 The Maram of Manipur Roshina Gowloog and Gitanjali Baruah 467
39 The Onge of Andaman & Nicobar Islands - Anstice Justin 473
40 The Padhar of Gujarat - Swati Das 491
41 The Paniyan of Tamil Nadu - C.R. Sathyanarayanan 505
42 The Parahiya of Jharkhand - B. Oraon 513
43 The Paudi Bhuiyan of Odisha - Debashis Basu 521
44 The Porja of Andhra Pradesh - A. Aparna 535
45 The Raji of Uttarakhand - Anand Saran, Minakshi Sharma, Karuna Shankar Pandey and Abrar Alam 545
46 The Riang of Tripura - Ashok Kumar Mukhopadhyay 557
47 The Saharia of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan - R.B. Thakre, P. Gangopadhyay, Shruti Singh and Veena B. Nair 579
48 The Saora of Odisha - Nabakumar Duary 613
49 The Lanjia Saora of Odisha - Indranil Biswas 623
50 The Savara or the Konda Savara of Andhra Pradesh - P. Mangalaxmi 637
51 The Savar or the Hill Kharia of Jharkhand - B.R. Hansdah 645
52 The Sauria Paharia of Jharkhand - Sudarshan Oraon 651
53 The Senteneles of Andaman & Nicobar Islands - Anstice Justin 659
54 The Shompen of Andaman & Nicobar Islands - Anstice Justin 669
55 The Siddi of Gujarat - Arsi Prasad Jha 681
56 The Thoti of Andhra Pradesh - D. Xaviour and B.V. Raviprasad 689
57 The Toda of Tamil Nadu - C.R. Sathyanarayanan 699
58 The Toto of West Bengal - Anupam Dutta 713
Annexure I: Name of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) 725
Annexure II: List of PVTGs as per ANSI Study 727
List of Contributors 729
Index 733
