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This book contains key contributions to the Xth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. Proceedings from past ISRP symposia have had a major influence on research and teaching in animal science over the years. Without a doubt the peer-reviewed chapters in this book, written by some of the best scientists in the field, will live up to this fine tradition. The chapters cover a wide range of topics spanning from digestion and absorption to metabolism, reproduction and lactation. Advancement of knowledge within important issues related to rumen fermentation, absorption mechanisms and splanchnic metabolism is treated in nine chapters. A number of chapters address the relationship between nutrition and gene expression illustrating important progress in scientific knowledge that can be obtained by applying the molecular biology methods to the field. Several chapters address the effects of nutrition on immunology and cover topics related to the health and welfare of production animals. In keeping with the increased attention on the relationship between food and human health, the book contains two important chapters on this topic.
Contents
Foreword 7; Part I: Rumen fermentation; Characterisation and quantification of the microbial populations of the rumen 19; J.L. Firkins and Z. Yu; Abstract 19; Introduction 19; Enumerating and characterising prokaryotic and protozoal populations by culture-based and microscopic methods 21; Characterising bacterial populations by molecular biology techniques 24; Observations from cloning and sequencing studies for bacteria 26; Quantitative issues influencing the interpretation of bacterial clone libraries 30; Quantification of microbial populations in the rumen 32; Protozoal ecology 36; Protozoal interactions with Bacteria and Archaea 42; Conclusions 45; Acknowledgements 46; References 46; The role of thermodynamics in the control of ruminal fermentation 55; E.M. Ungerfeld and R.A. Kohn; Abstract 55; Introduction 55; Background 58; Thermodynamics and kinetics of H sinks 64; Thermodynamics and kinetics of VFA interconversion 72; Conclusions 80; References 81; Digestion and passage of fibre in ruminants 87; P. Huhtanen, S. Ahvenjarvi, M.R. Weisbjerg and P. Norgaard; Abstract 87; Introduction 87; Site of digestion 89; Digestion kinetics 92; Parameter estimates of intrinsic rate and extent of digestion 92; The in situ method 93; Effect of intrinsic characteristics on digestion kinetics 98; Effect of extrinsic characteristic on digestion kinetics 100; Validity of digestion kinetic methods 104; Passage kinetics 105. Methodology 106; Particle dynamics 110; Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing passage kinetics 114; Integrated models of cell wall digestion in the rumen 119; Conclusions 125; References 126; Part II: Absorption mechanisms; Transport systems in the epithelia of the small and large intestines 139; G. Breves and S. Wolffram; Abstract 139; Introduction 139; Carbohydrate digestion and monosaccharide absorption 140; Rate of flow of starch into the small intestines 140; Enzymatic hydrolysis 141; Epithelial transport of sugars 141; Gastrointestinal absorption of amino acids and peptides 143; Absorption of amino acids 144; Absorption of tri- and dipeptides 147; Intestinal phosphate (Pi) absorption 149; Concluding remarks 150; References 151; Urea transporters and urea recycling in ruminants 155; J.C. Marini, J.M. Sands and M.E. Van Amburgh; Abstract 155; Introduction 155; Urea excretion and its regulation by the kidney 156; Urea entry into the gastrointestinal tract 161; Future work and summary 163; Acknowledgements 164; References 164; Ruminal SCFA absorption: channelling acids without harm 173; G. Gabel and J.R. Aschenbach; Abstract 173; Introduction 173; Quantitative aspects of intraruminal acid production and their final fate 174; Intraruminal proton release and buffering 174; Mechanisms of acid elimination from the ruminal content 174; Intraepithelial metabolism of SCFA 176; Disadvantages vs. advantages of intraepithelial SCFA breakdown 177; Acid-base balance in the ruminal epithelial cell 180; pHi regulating mechanisms and extracellular conditions 180. Systemic vs. luminal release of protons and acids 183; Functional adaptation of the ruminal epithelium can stabilise the whole system 186; Conclusions 188; Acknowledgements 189; References 189; Part III: Splachnic metabolism; Splanchnic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids in ruminants 199; J.K. Drackley and J.B. Andersen; Abstract 199; Introduction 199; Role of PDV in absorption of dietary LCFA 200; Role of splanchnic organs in coordination and use of LCFA 201; Secretion of TAG as VLDL vs. TAG accumulation in liver 205; Control of hepatic ss-oxidation of NEFA 208; Cellular partitioning of hepatic NEFA metabolism 211; Can hepatic capacity for NEFA ss-oxidation be manipulated? 214; Do PDV adipose tissues influence liver metabolism of LCFA? 216; Conclusions and future perspectives 217; References 217; Splanchnic amino acid metabolism in ruminants 225; C.K. Reynolds; Abstract 225; Introduction 226; Measurement of splanchnic amino absorption and metabolism 227; Metabolism of amino acids by the portal-drained viscera 228; Liver metabolism of amino acids 234; Metabolic impact of nonprotein nitrogen metabolism 241; Conclusions 243; References 244; Splanchnic metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in the ruminant 249; N.B. Kristensen and D.L. Harmon; Abstract 249; Introduction 249; Low first pass sequestration of acetate and propionate by ruminal epithelium 250; Large first pass sequestration of butyrate and valerate by the ruminal epithelium 252; Is the ruminal epithelium a specialized butyrate scavenger? 253; Hepatic SCFA metabolism 254; Acyl-CoA synthetases in SCFA metabolism 258; Perspectives 260; Acknowledgements 260; References 260. Part IV: Lactation and reproduction physiology; Patterns and putative regulatory mechanisms of high-affinity glutamate transporter expression by ruminants 269; J.C. Matthews and G.L. Sipe; Abstract 269; Introduction 269; Glutamate transport systems 271; System X-AG transport proteins 271; Importance of system X-AG transport capacity in support of tissue function 272; Characterized and putative regulatory mechanisms of system X-AG transporter expression and function 277; Modulation of chlortetracycline on cattle carcass quality and expression of system X-AG transporters and glutamine synthetase 284; Conclusions 286; Acknowledgements 286; References 286; Characterisation and nutritional regulation of the main lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland 295; L. Bernard, C. Leroux and Y. Chilliard; Abstract 295; Introduction 295; Origin of milk fatty acids 296; Characterisation of the main lipogenic genes and tools for studying gene expression and regulation 298; Effect of dietary factors on lipogenic genes expression in the mammary gland 303; Molecular mechanisms involved in nutritional regulation of gene expression 310; Conclusions and perspectives 316; Acknowledgements 318; References 318; Roles of growth hormone and leptin in the periparturient dairy cow 327; Y.R. Boisclair, S.R. Wesolowski, J.W. Kim and R.A. Ehrhardt; Abstract 327; Introduction 327; Growth hormone 328; Leptin 330; Conclusions 336; Acknowledgements 336; References 336. Part V: Lactation and reproduction physiology; Prenatal nutrition, fetal programming and opportunities for farm animal research 347; B.H. Breier; Abstract 347; Introduction 348; Maternal and fetal responses to reduced maternal nutrition 349; Influence of early life nutrition on postnatal growth and metabolism 350; Animal models of nutritional programming 351; Interactions between prenatal and postnatal nutrition 352; Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms 354; Fetal programming - opportunities for research in farm animals 355; Conclusion 357; Acknowledgements 357; References 358; Mammary cell turnover: relevance to lactation persistency and dry period management 363; A.V. Capuco, E. Annen, A.C. Fitzgerald, S.E. Ellis and R.J. Collier; Abstract 363; Introduction 363; Concept of cell turnover 364; Identification of progenitor cells 365; Population dynamics during lactation 368; Population dynamics during a 60-day dry period 373; Implications of cell turnover to shortened dry periods 376; Conclusions and perspectives 383; References 383; Milk fat depression: concepts, mechanisms and management applications 389; J.M. Griinari and D.E. Bauman; Abstract 389; Introduction 389; Milk fat depression 390; The effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on milk fat synthesis 396; Nutritional challenges of cows in early lactation 401; Milk fat reduction and associated lactation responses 403; Conclusions 408; References 409. Part VI: Nutrition and immunology; Endocrine effects on immune function: defining opportunities based on knowledge from growing calf and periparturient animal models 421; T. Elsasser, K.L. Ingvartsen, S. Kahl, and A.V. Capuco; Abstract 421; Introduction 421; Brief overview of the periparturient phenomenon 422; Hormonal maintenance of pregnancy and the impact of fetal-maternal tolerance on natural immunosuppression 423; Somatotropic axis modulation of immune function 425; Temporal, state-dependant, and inter-animal variability factors in the endocrine control of immune function 427; Newer findings on the impact of GH on localized immune function/nitric oxide production 431; The endocrine - immune gradient and integration of priority signals 437; Adrenomedullin - a novel bridge in the endocrine regulation of immune system function 441; Conclusions 445; References 446; Energy and protein effects on the immune system 455; M.E. Kehrli, Jr., J.D. Neill, C. Burvenich, J.P. Goff, J.D. Lippolis, T.A. Reinhardt and B.J. Nonnecke; Abstract 455; Introduction 455; Immune function status of periparturient dairy cattle 456; Energy and protein status of periparturient dairy cattle 459; Energy and protein requirements of the immune system 460; Influence energy and protein status on immune function 462; Conclusions 465; References 465; Vitamin and trace mineral effects on immune function of ruminants 473; W.P. Weiss and J.W. Spears; Abstract 473; Introduction 473; Factors affecting immune response to vitamin and mineral supply 474; Chromium 475; Copper 477; Selenium and vitamin E 480; Vitamin A and B-carotene 483; Zinc 485; Other minerals and vitamins 486; Conclusions 486; References 487. Part VII: Nutrition and stress physiology; Feeding management and stress in calves 499; A.M. de Passille and J. Rushen; Abstract 499; Introduction 499; Deprivation of sucking behaviour 499; Milk quantity 505; Individual versus group housing 507; Conclusions 508; Acknowledgements 508; References 509; Effects of nutrition on stress reactivity 511; L. Munksgaard, M.S. Herskin, P. Lovendahl and J.B. Andersen; Abstract 511; Introduction 511; Changes in HPA-axis activity induced by feeding and fasting 512; Baseline cortisol levels in relation to diet composition and total energy intake 513; HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress is modulated by energy intake 514; Diet composition may affect serotonin at CNS level 516; Can changes in the level of serotonin and CRF regulation at the CNS level affect behavioural responses to stress? 516; How do diet composition and energy intake affect behaviour? 517; Effects of composition and energy density of the diet on time budgets 517; Conclusion 520; Acknowledgements 521; References 521; Part VIII: Human health aspects; Milk fatty acids and human health: potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids 529; D.E. Bauman, A.L. Lock, B.A. Corl, C. Ip, A.M. Salter and P.W. Parodi; Abstract 529; Introduction 529; The biology of CLA 531; Ruminant dimension 533; Use of models to investigate effects of CLA on disease 538; Functional food implications of CLA for disease prevention in humans 544; Conclusion 550; References 551. Does cow's milk enhance linear growth: evidence from developing and industrialized countries 563; C. Hoppe, C. Molgaard and K. F. Michaelsen; Abstract 563; Introduction 563; Populations with marginal or poor nutritional status 563; Well-nourished populations 564; Own studies 565; Breast milk and infant formula 567; Milk and IGF-I in adults 568; Possible mechanisms 568; Linear growth and non-communicable diseases 569; IGF-I and non-communicable diseases 569; Conclusion 569; References 570; Part IX: Workshop reports; The use of ruminants in less developed counties and the priorities within ruminant physiology research to assist in development; Chaired by J. Madsen and T. Hvelplund; Discussion paper - Ruminants in agricultural development: where is the future for animal physiologists? 575; J. Madsen; Methods used for studying particle size and digesta flow; Chaired by D.P. Poppi and A.de Vega; Discussion paper 1 - Use of image analysis for measuring particle size in feed, digesta and faeces 579; P. Norgaard; Discussion paper 2 - Measurement of digesta flow entering the omasal canal 587; S. Ahvenjarvi; Index 591.
