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Fabio Luis Barbosa dos Santos delves into the history of South America to understand the rise and fall of the so-called 'progressive governments'. In the wake of mobilizations against neoliberalism in the 1990s, most countries elected presidents identified with change. However, less than twenty years after Hugo Chávez's victory, this trend seems to be reversed. The times of Lula are now Bolsonaro's. What happened? Supported by an extensive bibliography and hundreds of interviews, the author addresses each South American country, including those who did not elect progressives, in addition to Cuba. The national focus is enriched by an analysis of regional integration attempts, providing a detailed and necessary recent history of the subcontinent.
Originally published in Portuguese as Uma história da onda progressista sul-americana (1998-2016) by Elefante, São Paulo, 2018.
Fabio Luis Barbosa dos Santos mergulha na história da América do Sul para compreender a ascensão e queda dos chamados 'governos progressistas'. Na esteira de mobilizações contra o neoliberalismo nos anos 1990, a maioria dos países da região elegeu presidentes identificados com a mudança. Contudo, menos de vinte anos depois da vitória de Hugo Chávez, essa onda chega ao fim. Os tempos de Lula agora são de Bolsonaro. O que aconteceu? Apoiado em extensa bibliografia e centenas de entrevistas, o autor aborda cada país, inclusive os que não elegeram progressistas, além de Cuba. O enfoque nacional é enriquecido por uma análise das tentativas de integração regional, oferecendo uma detalhada e necessária história recente do subcontinente.
Contents
About Power and Impotence
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 The 'Progressive Wave'
2 A National Approach
3 A Methodological Note
1 Venezuelan Revolution: Underdevelopment despite an Abundance of Foreign Exchange
1 Introduction
2 Underdevelopment with Abundance of Foreign Exchange Reserves
3 Bolivarian Revolution
4 Dilemmas of the Venezuelan Revolution
5 Crisis
6 Final Thoughts
2 Conciliation and Order under 'Lulaism' in Brazil
1 Introduction
2 Preamble
3 Strategies of Accumulation: Neodevelopmentism or Neoliberalism?
3.1 Conciliation and Order
3.2 Neodevelopment
4 The Lulista Way of Regulating Social Conflict
4.1 Articulation of Two Consensuses
4.2 Conservative Modernization
5 Lulism in Crisis
5.1 From the June Days to Mobilizations for Impeachment
5.2 Impeachment
6 Final Thoughts
7 Post-scriptum: the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Elections
3 Kirchnerism and Impasses of the Bourgeois Way in Argentina
1 Introduction
2 Perón and Peronism
3 From the 'National Reorganization Process' to Neoliberal Democracy
4 Kirchner Governments
5 Cristina Kirchner
6 Final Thoughts
4The Process of Change in Bolivia: Creative or Destructive Tensions?
1 Introduction
2 The Variegated Society between Revolution and Dictatorships
3 Democracy and Neoliberalism
4 Revolutionary Conjuncture
5 The Process of Change
6 Final Thoughts
5 Ecology versus Capitalism: Dilemmas of the Citizen Revolution in Ecuador
1 Introduction
2 Ecuadorian Formation
3 From Re-democratization to Alianza País
4 Political Economy of the Citizen Revolution
5 Final Thoughts
6 The Deposition of Lugo in Paraguay and the Brasiguayo Question
1 Introduction
2 The Agrarian Question and Brazilian Presence in Paraguay
3 Soy and Brasiguayos
4 The Lugo Presidency (2008-2012)
5 The Agrarian Question in the Lugo Government
6 The Political Judgment
7 Final Thoughts
7 Brazil and the Political Economy of South American Integration
1 Introduction
2 Neo-developmentalism
3 Political Economy of Developmental Regionalism
4 Developmentalism in Crisis
5 The Petista Order in South America
6 Final Thoughts
8 Chile and the Political Economy of the Real Neoliberalism
1 Introduction
2 Between the Popular Front and the Chilean Way to Socialism
3 From Dictatorship to Protected Democracy
4 Political Economy of the Concertación
4.1Concertación in Power
4.2Macroeconomics
4.3Education
4.4Labor Relations, Poverty and Debt
4.5Pension Fund Administrators
5 Crisis
6 Final Thoughts
9 Perversion and Trauma: Impasses of Contemporary Peruvian Politics
1 Introduction
2 New Left and United Left
3 Alanism and United Left
4 Sendero Luminoso
5 Fujimori
6 Fujimorista Legacy
7 Final Thoughts
10 War and Peace in Colombia in Historical Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Roots of Violence
4 Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in the 1980s
5 Neoliberalism and Parapolitics
6 The War Party in Power
7 Dilemmas of the Peace Process
11 Where is the Cuban Revolution Going? Dilemmas of Primitive Socialism
1 Introduction
2 Revolution against Underdevelopment
3 Reform or Update?
4 Current Dilemmas
5 Final Thoughts
Conclusion
1 The Movement of History
2 Regional Integration
3 Nine Propositions
3.1Integration is a Dimension of the Latin American Revolution
3.2History Requires its Own Solutions to its Own Problems
3.3Latin American Integration will be Against the Economy
3.4Development must be Equal and Combined - with the People and the Planet
3.5Progress is Walking with your Own Legs, with your Head Where your Feet Step
3.6Values not only Opposed to, but Different from, those of Capitalism
3.7Equality in the Workplace Against Capital
3.8A Strong State that does not Eat Me
3.9There is no Alternative to Popular Power
Bibliography
Index
