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Winner of the 2019 CEU Award for Outstanding Research
This book documents the making of Romanian citizenship from 1750 to 1918 as a series of acts of national self-determination by the Romanians, as well as the emancipation of subordinated gender, social, and ethno-religious groups. It focuses on the progression of a sum of transnational "questions" that were at the heart of North-Atlantic, European, and local politics during the long nineteenth century, concerning the status of peasants, women, Greeks, Jews, Roma, Armenians, Muslims, and Dobrudjans. The analysis emphasizes the fusion between nationalism and liberalism, and the emancipatory impact national-liberalism had on the transition from the Old Regime to the modern order of the nation-state. While emphasizing liberalism's many achievements, the study critically scrutinizes the liberal doctrine of legal-political "capacity" and the dark side of nationalism, marked by tendencies toward exclusion. It highlights the challenges nascent liberal democracies face in the process of consolidation and the enduring appeal of illiberalism in periods of upheaval, represented mainly by nativism. The book's innovative interdisciplinary approach to citizenship in the Ottoman and post-Ottoman Balkans and the richness of the sources employed, appeal to a diverse readership.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Figures
Introduction: Liberal Citizenship: an Interdisciplinary Approach
Part 1 From the Old Regime to the Nation-State: Toward a Unified Moldo-Wallachian Citizenship, c. 1750-1858
1 The Greek "Proto-Question" and the Birth of Modern Citizenship
2 "Restoring" the Regime of Nobility Estates: Citizenship under the Organic Regulations, 1821-1858
3 The Slavery Question: Abolitionism and the Emancipation of Roma, 1831-1856
4 The Romanian Question: the Great Powers, "European Public Law" and the Union of the Principalities, 1856-1858
Part 2 Peasants into Romanians: the Construction of Romanian National Citizenship, 1859-1866
5 Emulating the Second French Empire: the State-National Citizenship Model, 1859-1866
6 Shifting to an Ethno-National Citizenship Model: the Regime of Constitutional Nationalism
Part 3 Constitutional Nationalism and Minorities, 1866-1918
7 The Jewish Question: the Exclusion of Jews from Citizenship
8 The Internationalization of the Jewish Question: Actors and Networks, 1866-1879
9 Duties without Rights: Jews under Constitutional Nationalism, 1879-1913
10 The Woman Question: Gender, Property, and Citizenship
11 The Dobrudjan Question: Constitutional Nationalism and the Assimilation of a Border Region, 1878-1914
12 Liberalism Renewed: War, Civil Society, and Emancipation, 1913-1918
13 The Language of Citizenship: Imperial Legacies, Legal-Political Concepts, and Historical Time
Conclusions
Appendix
Bibliography
Index
