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Full Description
The present volume—the first of its kind—deals with takfīr: accusing one's opponents of unbelief (kufr). Originating in the first decades of Islam, this practice has been applied intermittently ever since. The nineteen studies included here deal with cases, covering different periods and parts of the Muslim world, of individuals or groups that used the instrument of takfīr to brand their opponents—either persons, groups or even institutions—as unbelievers who should be condemned, anathematized or even persecuted. Each case presented is placed in its sociopolitical and religious context. Together the contributions show the multifariousness that has always characterized Islam and the various ways in which Muslims either sought to suppress or to come to terms with this diversity.
With contributions by: Roswitha Badry, Sonja Brentjes, Brian J. Didier, Michael Ebstein, Simeon Evstatiev, Ersilia Francesca, Robert Gleave, Steven Judd, István T. Kristó-Nagy, Göran Larsson, Amalia Levanoni, Orkhan Mir-Kasimov, Hossein Modarressi, Justyna Nedza, Intisar A. Rabb, Sajjad Rizvi, Daniel de Smet, Zoltan Szombathy, Joas Wagemakers.
Contents
Contents
List of contributors
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction
I. Takfīr Through Islamic History
1. The Early Period (First/Seventh-Fourth/Tenth Centuries)
Self-defining through Faith: The walāya and barāʾa Dynamics among the Early Ibāḍis
Ersilia Francesca
Were the Umayyad-Era Qadarites Kāfirs?
Steven Judd
Denouncing the Damned Zindīq! Struggle and Interaction between Monotheism and Dualism
István T. Kristó-Nagy
Kufr et takfīr dans l'ismaélisme fatimide: Le Kitāb Tanbīh al-hādī de Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī
Daniel De Smet
2. The Classical and Post-Classical Period (Fifth/Eleventh-Eleventh/Eighteenth Centuries)
The Vocabulary of "Unbelief" in Three Biographical Dictionaries and Two Historical Chronicles of the 7th/13th and 8th/14th Centuries
Sonja Brentjes
Takfīr in Egypt and Syria during the Mamluk Period
Amalia Levanoni
Takfīr and Messianism: The Ḥurūfī Case
Orkhan Mir-Kasimov
The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age
Simeon Evstatiev
The takfīr of the Philosophers (and Sufis) in Safavid Iran
Sajjad Rizvi
3. The Modern Period
The Cost of Condemnation: Heresy and takfīr in a South Indian Community
Brian J. Didier
The Sum of its Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi Militant Islamism
Justyna Nedza
"The Kāfir Religion of the West": Takfīr of Democracy and Democrats by Radical Islamists
Joas Wagemakers
On the takfīr of Arab Women Rights Advocates in Recent Times
Roswitha Badry
Apostasy in the West: A Swedish Case Study
Göran Larsson
II. Discussing Takfīr:Different Perspectives
Essential Islam: The Minimum that a Muslim is Required to Acknowledge
Hossein Modarressi
Abandoning Prayer and the Declaration of Unbelief in Imāmī Jurisprudence
Robert Gleave
Society and Propriety: The Cultural Construction of Defamation and Blasphemy as Crimes in Islamic Law
Intisar A. Rabb
Literary Works as Evidence of Unbelief
Zoltan Szombathy
"Religions, Opinions and Beliefs Are Nothing but Roads and Paths ... While the Goal Is One": Between Unity and Diversity in Islamic Mysticism
Michael Ebstein
