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Full Description
This study was commissioned by the International Energy Agency (lEA) accord- ing to Annex III of the "Implementing Agreement for a Program of Research and Development of Wind Energy Conversion Systems". The working title of the study was: "Integration of Wind Power into National Electricity Supply Sys- tems". Participants: - Federal Republic of Germany (40 070), represented by the Kernforschungsan- lage Jillich GmbH, - Japan (20 070), represented by The Japanese Delegation to DECD, - Netherlands (10 070), represented by The Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland, - Sweden (10070), represented by The National Swedish Board for Energy Source Development, - United States of America (20 070), represented by The Department of Energy. The operating agent was the Kernforschungsanlage Jillich, Projektleitung Energieforschung (Project No. ET 4085 A). The authors wish to thank the temporary co-workers on the project L. Griebl, R. Meyer and H. Renner (programming), J. Boase (preliminary translation of parts of the study), W. Dub and H. Pape made several helpful suggestions for the revision of the preliminary version of the report. The extensive services of E. List!, the project secretary, made a significant contribution to the carrying out of this research project.
For providing extensive facilities in the computing centre and project rooms, and for handling the financial side of the project, the authors express their thanks to the University of Regensburg.
Contents
1 The Possible Position of Wind Power within the Future Energy Supply of the Federal Republic of Germany.- 1.1 Long-Term Development of Energy Demand.- 1.2 Long-Term Development of Energy Supply.- 1.3 Development of Electricity Costs.- 1.4 Wind Energy Potential and its Possible Utilization.- 2 Determinants of Wind Power Utilization.- 2.1 Meteorological Conditions.- 2.2 Criteria Governing the Choice of a Suitable Location for Wind Power Stations.- 2.3 Fundamental Questions of Wind Technology: Technical Installations, Integration into the Grid System.- 2.4 The Economic Efficiency of Wind Power.- 3 Research Goals of the Study.- 3.1 The Questions to be Discussed.- 3.2 Program of the Investigations.- 4 Wind Conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany.- 4.1 Wind Data.- 4.2 Evaluation of the Wind Data.- 5 Conversion of Kinetic Energy (Wind Power) into Electrical Energy.- 5.1 Physical-Technical Basis.- 5.2 GROWIAN Technology: Reference Wind Power Plant.- 5.3 Wind Power Production.- 5.4 The Use of Storage Facilities to Regularize Wind Power Production.- 5.5 Capacity Displacement Capability and Fuel Saving Effect of Wind Power Plants.- 5.6 Potential of Wind Energy.- 6 The Conventional Energy Supply System.- 6.1 Demand.- 6.2 Production Capacities.- 7. Swing: A Simulation Model for the Integration of Wind Power into the National Grid.- 7.1 Description of the Model.- 7.2 Graphical Representation of a Typical Simulation Run.- 7.3 Results of Model Runs.- 8 Fuel Saving through the Use of Wind Power Plants.- 8.1 Amount of Fuel Saved by Wind Power Plants.- 8.2 Nature of Fuel Saved.- 9 Displacement of Power Plant Capacity by Wind Power Plants (Capacity Credit).- 9.1 Assured Load Carrying Capability of Conventional Power Plants.- 9.2 Increase in Assured Load Carrying Capability by Wind Power Plants.- 9.3 Determining the Conventional Power Plant Capacity Displaced by Wind Power Plants (Capacity Credit).- 9.4 Raising the Capacity Displacement Capability of Wind Power Plants by Means of Storage Plants.- 10 Summary I: Fuel Saving and Displacement of Conventional Power Plant Capacity.- 10.1 Basis and Assumptions.- 10.2 Central Results.- 10.3 Variations in Fuel Saving and Displaced Conventional Power Plant Capacity from Year to Year.- 10.4 Influence of Annual Mean Wind Speed, Specific Generator Capacity and Rated Rotor Speed upon Fuel Saving and Displaced Conventional Power Plant Capacity.- 10.5 Type of Fuel Saved and Conventional Power Plant Capacity Displaced.- 10.6 Maximum Increase in Displaced Conventional Power Plant Capacity Due to Storage Plants.- 11 Evaluation of Fuel Saving and Displaced Conventional Power Plant Capacity.- 11.1 Basic Principles for the Evaluation of Wind Power Plants.- 11.2 Determining the Value of Wind Power Plants.- 12 Summary II: Break-Even-Costs of Investment and Maintenance for Wind Power Plants.- 12.1 Assumptions.- 12.2 Central Results.- 12.3 Annual Variation.- 12.4 Influence of Annual Mean Wind Speed and Specific Generator Capacity.- 12.5 Sensitivity Analysis.- 12.6 Wind Power Costs per Kilowatt Hour.- 12.7 Break-Even-Costs of Investment and Maintenance of GROWIAN.- 12.8 Break-Even-Costs of Investment and Maintenance for Storage Plants.- 13 Executive Summary.- 13.1 Objectives.- 13.2 Wind Situation in the Federal Republic of Germany.- 13.3 Optimization of Technical Parameters of Wind Turbines.- 13.4 The Simulation Model SWING.- 13.5 Fuel Savings and Displaced Conventional Capacity (Capacity Credit).- 13.6 Break-Even-Costs of Investment and Maintenance for Wind Power Plants.- 13.7 Role and Utilization of Storage Facilities.- 13.8 Main Results.- 14 Bibliography.- 14.1 References According to the Text.- 14.2 Additional References, Conference Reports and Investigations of Individual Countries.
