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Full Description
Recent advances in analytical chemistry have turned it into a virtually unrecognizable science compared to a few decades ago, when it lagged behind other sciences and techniques. However, advances in analytical science have been far from universal: while innovations in instrumentation and data acquisition and processing systems have reached unprecedented levels thanks to parallel breakthroughs in computer science and chemo metrics, progress in preliminary operations has been much slower despite their importance to analytical results. Thus, such clear trends in analytical process development as automation and miniaturization have not reached preliminary operations to the same extent, even though this area is pro bably in the greatest need. Improvement in preliminary operations is thus an urgent goal of analytical chemistry on the verge of the twenty first century. Increased R&D endeavours and manufacture of commercially available automatic equipment for implementation of the wide variety of operations that separate the uncollected, unmeasured, untreated sample from the signal measuring step are thus crucial on account of the wide variability of such operations, which precludes development of all-purpose equipment, and the complexity of some, particularly relating to solid samples. Supercritical fluid extraction opens up interesting prospects in this context and is no doubt an effective approach to automatioI1 and mini aturization in the preliminary steps of the analytical process. The dramatic developments achieved in its short life are atypical in many respects.
Contents
1 Preliminary Operations of the Analytical Process.- 1.1 Analytical Chemistry Today.- 1.2 The Analytical Process.- 1.3 Preliminary Operations of the Analytical Process.- 1.4 Analytical Separation Techniques.- 1.5 Extraction Systems in Analytical Chemistry.- 1.6 Analytical Leaching Methodologies.- 1.7 Ideal Features of an Analytical Leaching System.- 1.8 Supercritical Fluids and Analytical Chemistry.- References.- 2 Physico — Chemical Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.1 Definition of Supercritical Fluid.- 2.2 Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.3 Binary Systems.- 2.4 Polarity.- 2.5 Reactions in or with Supercritical Fluids.- 2.6 Other Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7 General Applications of Supercritical Fluids.- References.- 3 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Supercritical Fluid Extraction.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Foundation of Leaching.- 3.3 Purity of Supercritical Fluids.- 3.4 Solubility in Supercritical Fluids.- 3.5 Transport Phenomena.- 3.6 Factors Influencing Supercritical Leaching.- References.- 4 The Analytical-Scale Supercritical Fluid Extractor.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Supercritical Fluid Extractor: A Broad View.- 4.3 Basic Elements of a Supercritical Fluid Extractor.- 4.4 Extraction Modes.- 4.5 Off-Line Coupled SF Extraction/Detection.- 4.6 On-Line Coupled SF Extraction/Detection.- 4.7 Comparison of the Off-Line and On-Line Modes.- 4.8 Commercially Available Supercritical Fluid Extractors.- References.- 5 Analytical Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Variables Affecting Extraction Quality.- 5.3 Sequential Extractions.- 5.4 General Applications of SFE.- 5.5 SFE and Other Extraction Techniques.- 5.6 Trends in SFE.- References.
