Full Description
Owing to the anatomic complexity of the neck and the diver sity of pathologic entities affecting it, the cervical region has long been of great semiological interest. Physical examination is an easy means of evaluating the size and origin of a solitary cervical mass, yet valid interpretation can prove difficult when the normal morphology of the neck has been altered; excellent examples are patients with extensive fibrosis or scarring secondary to previous irradiation or surgery. Like wise, physical examination cannot assess the relations of a pathologic process to adjacent structures - e. g., invasion can not be distinguished from simple displacement -and it is un suitable for monitoring therapeutic efficacy, such as the re sponse of metastatic nodes to medical management. Between physical examination, which remains fundamental, and exploratory surgical procedures, which are often the only means of obtaining indispensable anatomic proof for diagno sis, lie a number of recent imaging techniques including com puted tomography and magnetic resonance imaging using surface coils that provide invaluable information for the in vestigation of cervical pathologies. Real-time ultrasonogra phy occupies a privileged position because of its noninvasive ness, rapidity, and reliability, especially when performed by a specially trained examiner.
Contents
1 Medical Ultrasound Equipment, Examination Technique, and Ultrasonography of the Normal Neck.- 1.1 Equipment.- 1.2 Examination Technique.- 1.3 Ultrasonography of the Normal Neck.- 1.4 References.- 2 Thyroid Gland.- 2.1 Congenital Malformations.- 2.2 Thyroid Tumors and Goiter.- 2.3 Thyroiditis.- 2.4 Thyroid Dysfunction.- 1.5 The Postsurgery Thyroid.- 1.6 References.- 3 Parathyroid Glands.- 3.1 General Features of Hyperparathyroidism.- 3.2 Histopathological Causes of Hyperparathyroidism.....- 3.3 Ultrasonography.- 3.4 Nonultrasonographic Techniques.- 3.5 Role of Ultrasonography in the Imaging of Hyperparathyroidism.- 3.6 References.- 4 Salivary Glands.- 4.1 Nonultrasonographic Imaging Techniques.- 4.2 Tumors of the Salivary Glands.- 4.3 Inflammatory Disease.- 4.4 Nonneoplastic, Noninflammatory Salivary Gland Pathologies.- 4.5 Conclusion.- 4.6 References.- 5 Cervical Lymph Nodes.- 5.1 Ultrasonography of the Cervical Lymph Nodes.- 5.2 Nonultrasonographic Techniques for Cervical Node Examination.- 5.1 Ultrasonography of Metastatic Nodes of ENT Cancer.- 5.2 Ultrasonography of Lymphomatous Cervical Nodes.- 5.3 Inflammatory Disease.- 5.4 Conclusion.- 5.5 References.- 6 Other Cervical Sites.- 6.1 Oral Cavity.- 6.2 Neurogenic Tumors of the Neck.- 6.3 Cervical Cysts.- 6.4 Spread of Local Regional Cancers.- 6.5 References.- 7 Cervical Pathologies in Children.- 7.1 Ultrasonographic Examination Technique.- 7.2 Thyroid Pathologies.- 7.3 Neck Masses.- 7.4 Other Etiologies.- 7.5 Conclusion.- 7.6 References.- 8 Subject Index.
