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Full Description
During the last few decades anthropogenic activities in the industrially advanced countries have outcompeted nature in changing the global environment. This is best illustrated for example by the polluted lakes in Scandinavia and Canada, associated with acid deposition from fossil fuel combustion. One of the major challenges mankind is confronted with in the field of energy consumption is undoubtedly to ensure sustainability - a goal that requires improved management of natural resources and a substantial reduction of the noxious emissions which are dangerous to health and the environment. The threat of global climate change due to pollutant emissions causes se rious concern to many nations, and reaching an international consensus is likely to take some time. Carbon dioxide emissions have slowed only marginally in industrialized countries during the last few years, but have increased significantly in most developing countries due to increases in energy demand and the increasing use of fossil fuels, which remain the most readily available energy sources today. Unfortunately, far from learning lessons from the negative experiences of developed countries, many developing countries are taking the same path to development which has turned out to result in serious environmental consequences.
Contents
1 Aquatic Ecosystems.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 River Ecosystems.- 1.3 Freshwater Resources and Water Quality.- 1.4 World Water Use.- 1.5 Nature of the Chemical Environment.- 1.6 Quantitative Pollutants.- 1.7 Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems.- 1.8 Hydrological Cycle and Climate.- 1.9 Groundwater.- 1.10 Population Increase and Water Management.- 1.11 Water and the Environment.- 1.12 Freshwater Augmentation Technologies.- 1.13 Water and Development.- 1.14 Health and the Water Cycle.- 1.15 Toxicity Testing in the Aquatic Environment.- 1.16 Biological Toxicity Testing Versus Environmental Monitoring of Impacts.- 1.17 Diseases Associated with Water and Poverty.- 1.18 Restoration of Water Quality in Some Rivers.- 1.19 Rural Water Treatment for Developing Countries.- References.- 2 Lakes and Wetlands.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Trophic State.- 2.3 Interactions Between Physical and Chemical Processes.- 2.4 UV-B Effects.- 2.5 Seiching.- 2.6 Regional Lake Quality Patterns.- 2.7 Inland Lakes.- 2.8 Trophic Status and Hypolimnetic Oxygen Concentration.- 2.9 Acidification.- 2.10 Large Lakes.- 2.11 Biogeochemistry.- 2.12 Food Webs.- 2.13 Modeling of Lake Ecosystems.- 2.14 Lake Morphometry.- 2.15 Eutrophication.- 2.16 Eutrophication Control.- 2.17 Use of Ecological Indicators for Lake Assessment.- 2.18 Role of Industry in Lake Management.- 2.19 Wetlands.- References.- 3 Marine Environment.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Intertidal Zone.- 3.3 Hydrothermal Vents.- 3.4 Marine and Coastal Pollution: Regional Sustainability.- 3.5 Living Resources.- 3.6 Marine Biodiversity.- 3.7 Oceanic Productivity and Water Color.- 3.8 Life in Oceans: Past and Present.- 3.9 Phytoplankton.- 3.10 Clouds and Sea Surface Temperature.- 3.11 Marine Plankton and Clouds.- 3.12 Ocean and Climate.- 3.13 El Niño andRelated Phenomena.- 3.14 Marine Eutrophication.- 3.15 Marine Litter.- 3.16 Disruption of Marine Ecosystems.- 3.17 Oil Spills.- 3.18 Use of Indicators to Judge the Condition of Marine Ecosystems.- 3.19 Scales of Effects.- 3.20 Scenarios.- 3.21 Shallow Water Habitats.- 3.22 Recycling in the Deep Ocean.- 3.23 Deep Water Habitats.- 3.24 Indicators of Exposure and Effect.- 3.25 Biomarkers.- 3.26 Physiology.- 3.27 Ecology.- 3.28 Marine Pollution in India.- 3.29 The Indian Ocean Law and the Environment.- 3.30 Ship Pollution.- 3.31 Waste from Land.- 3.32 Animals in Peril.- 3.33 Desalination of Seawater.- References.- 4 Ozone Changes.- 4.1 The Ozone Shield.- 4.2 Ozone Formation.- 4.3 Miracle Substances.- 4.4 Catalytic Ozone Depletion.- 4.5 The Family of Organic Reactions.- 4.6 Methyl Bromide.- 4.7 The Polar Stratosphere.- 4.8 Polar Clouds and Sulfate Aerosols.- 4.9 Ozone in the Lower Stratosphere.- 4.10 CFC Substitutes.- 4.11 Causes of Ozone Depletion.- 4.12 Ozone Layer Thickness.- 4.13 Total Column Ozone.- 4.14 Vertical Distribution of Ozone.- 4.15 Mount Pinatubo.- 4.16 Ozone Holes.- 4.17 Ozone Depletion at Mid-Latitudes.- 4.18 The Ozone Depletion Controversy.- 4.19 Ozone Trends.- 4.20 Unresolved Issues.- 4.21 Ozone Changes and Climate.- 4.22 Tropospheric Ozone.- 4.23 Impacts of Ozone and Carbon Dioxide on Crop Yields.- 4.24 The Montreal Protocol.- 4.25 Recent Ozone Developments.- References.- 5 Solar Ultraviolet Radiation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Ozone depletion and solar UV.- 5.3 Tropospheric Transmission in the Ultraviolet.- 5.4 Measurement of UV.- 5.5 Biological Hazards of Ultraviolet Exposure.- 5.6 UV Damage to Biological Molecules.- 5.7 Health Effects.- 5.8 UV-B Effects on Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems.- 5.9 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems.- 5.10 Polymer Degradation.-5.11 Effect of UV-B on Air Quality.- References.
