現代保健物理学 Contemporary Health Physics : Problems and Solutions （2nd updated and enl. ed. 2009. XIV, 440 p. w. 20 ill. and 30 tables. 2）

Bevelacqua, Joseph J.

WILEY-VCH（2009発売）

• 製本 Hardcover:ハードカバー版／ページ数 454 p.
• 商品コード 9783527408245

基本説明

Covers the entire radiation protection field, including medical, university, reactor, fuel cycle, environmental, and accelerator areas, featuring more than 375 worked examples. New discussions added of limiting radionuclides for long-term waste disposal facilities, of 1999 Tokai Mura criticality, and more.

Full Description

This is the first text specifically designed to train potential health physicists to think and respond like professionals. Written by a former chairman of the American Board of Health Physics Comprehensive Panel of Examiners with more than 20 years of professional and academic experience in the field, it offers a balanced presentation of all the theoretical and practical issues essential for a full working knowledge of radiation exposure assessments. As the only book to cover the entire radiation protection field, it includes detailed coverage of the medical, university, reactor, fuel cycle, environmental and accelerator areas, while exploring key topics in radiation basics, external and internal dosimetry, the biological effects of ionizing radiation, and much more besides. Backed by more than 500 worked examples developed within the context of various scenarios and spanning the full spectrum of real-world challenges, it quickly instills in readers the professional acumen and practical skills they need to perform accurate radiation assessments in virtually any routine or emergency situation.

The result is a valuable resource for upper-level students and anyone preparing to take the American Board of Health Physics Comprehensive Examination, as well as for professionals seeking to expand their scope and sharpen their skills.

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition vii

Preface to the First Edition ix

A Note on Units xi

Part I Basic Concepts: Theory and Problems 1

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Scenarios 4

Scenario 1.1 4

Scenario 1.2 4

Scenario 1.3 5

Scenario 1.4 5

Scenario 1.5 7

Scenario 1.6 8

Scenario 1.7 9

Scenario 1.8 9

Scenario 1.9 10

Scenario 1.10 10

Scenario 1.11 11

Scenario 1.12 12

Scenario 1.13 13

Scenario 1.14 14

Scenario 1.15 15

Scenario 1.16 15

Scenario 1.17 17

Scenario 1.18 17

Scenario 1.19 18

Scenario 1.20 19

Scenario 1.21 20

Scenario 1.22 21

Scenario 1.23 22

Scenario 1.24 23

Scenario 1.25 24

Scenario 1.26 25

Scenario 1.27 26

Scenario 1.28 28

Scenario 1.29 28

Scenario 1.30 29

Scenario 1.31 31

Scenario 1.32 33

Scenario 1.33 34

Scenario 1.34 35

Scenario 1.35 36

Scenario 1.36 37

Scenario 1.37 38

Scenario 1.38 39

References 40

Part II Specialized Areas: Theory and Problems 45

2 Medical Health Physics 47

2.1 Historical Perspective 47

2.2 Medical Accelerator Physics 48

2.3 Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine 51

2.3.1 X-rays 51

2.3.2 Nuclear Medicine 52

2.3.3 Computed Tomography 52

2.3.4 Tracer Studies and Radioisotope Administration 53

2.4 Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine 53

2.4.1 Radionuclide Administration 53

2.4.2 External Beam Therapy 55

2.4.3 Brachytherapy 57

2.5 Facility Design 58

2.6 Shielding Design 59

2.7 X-ray Shielding 60

2.8 Ncrp-49 61

2.8.1 Primary Barrier 61

2.8.2 Secondary Barrier 62

2.8.3 Leakage Radiation 63

2.9 Ncrp-147 64

2.9.1 Unshielded Air Kerma 64

2.9.2 Shielding Calculations 65

2.10 NCRP-151 66

2.10.1 Primary Barrier 67

2.10.2 Secondary Barriers 68

2.10.3 Scattering 68

2.10.4 Leakage 68

2.11 Management of Radionuclide Therapy Patients 69

2.12 Ventilation Considerations 70

2.13 Scenarios 71

Scenario 2.1 71

Scenario 2.2 72

Scenario 2.3 73

Scenario 2.4 75

Scenario 2.5 76

Scenario 2.6 76

Scenario 2.7 77

Scenario 2.8 78

Scenario 2.9 79

Scenario 2.10 82

References 82

3 University Health Physics 87

3.1 Research Utilizing Radionuclides 87

3.1.1 H-3 88

3.1.2 C-14 88

3.1.3 P-32 88

3.1.4 Co-60 89

3.1.5 I-125/I-131 89

3.1.6 Cf-252 90

3.2 Engineering Considerations 90

3.2.1 Engineering Controls 90

3.3 Sample Counting 91

3.4 Intake of Radionuclides 92

3.5 Other Research Activities 93

3.6 Agricultural/Environmental Research 93

3.7 Research Reactors 94

3.7.1 Operational Characteristics 94

3.7.2 Reactor Systems and Associated Radionuclide Production 96

3.7.3 Reactor Effluents 96

3.7.4 Gaseous Effluents 96

3.7.5 Liquid Effluents 97

3.8 Particle Accelerators 97

3.9 Materials Research Via X-ray Diffraction Techniques 97

3.10 Fusion Energy Research 98

3.11 Overview of an Initial Fusion Power Facility 100

3.11.1 General Radiological Characteristics 101

3.11.2 ALARA-Confinement Methods and Fusion Process Types 102

3.12 Scenarios 103

Scenario 3.1 103

Scenario 3.2 105

Scenario 3.3 106

Scenario 3.4 108

Scenario 3.5 110

Scenario 3.6 111

Scenario 3.7 112

Scenario 3.8 113

Scenario 3.9 113

Scenario 3.10 114

Scenario 3.11 115

References 116

4 Fuel Cycle Health Physics 119

4.1 Radiation in Fuel Cycle Facilities 119

4.1.1 Occupational Exposure 120

4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 121

4.3 Uranium Fuel Cycle 121

4.3.1 Open and Closed Fuel Cycles 123

4.3.2 Uranium Ore and Chemical Processing 124

4.3.3 Enrichment 125

4.3.4 Gaseous Diffusion 125

4.3.5 Gas Centrifuge 127

4.3.6 Laser Isotope Separation 128

4.3.6.1 MLIS 130

4.3.6.2 AVLIS 130

4.3.7 Spent Power Reactor Fuel 131

4.4 Thorium Fuel Cycle 131

4.5 Radioactive Waste 132

4.5.1 High-Level Wastes 133

4.6 Criticality 133

4.6.1 Tokaimura Criticality 134

4.6.2 Critical Mass 135

4.6.3 Geometry or Shape 136

4.6.4 Enrichment of the Fissile Isotope 136

4.6.5 Moderation and Reflection 136

4.6.6 Neutron Absorbers or Poison Material 137

4.6.7 Consequences of a Criticality Event 138

4.7 Dispersion of Radioactive Gas from a Continuous Source 138

4.8 Dispersion of Radioactive Particulates from a Continuous Source 140

4.9 Fuel Cycle Facilities 140

4.10 Detection of Fuel Cycle Facility Activity 142

4.11 Scenarios 143

Scenario 4.1 143

Scenario 4.2 144

Scenario 4.3 147

Scenario 4.4 149

Scenario 4.5 150

Scenario 4.6 151

Scenario 4.7 151

Scenario 4.8 153

Scenario 4.9 154

References 155

5 Power Reactor Health Physics 157

5.1 Overview 157

5.2 Generation I, II, III, and IV Reactors 158

5.3 Health Physics Hazards 160

5.3.1 Buildup of Filter or Demineralizer Activity 161

5.3.2 Activation of Reactor Components 162

5.3.3 Cladding Failures 163

5.3.4 Reactor Coolant System Leakage 164

5.3.5 Hot-Particle Skin Dose 165

5.4 NCRP-130 Hot Particle Recommendations 169

5.5 Health Physics Program Elements 170

5.5.1 ALARA 170

5.5.2 Effluents 171

5.5.3 Radioactive Waste 172

5.5.4 Decontamination 172

5.6 Outages 176

5.7 Major Radiation Instrumentation Systems 176

5.7.1 Primary System Monitors 176

5.7.2 Secondary System Monitors 177

5.8 Radiological Considerations During Reactor Accidents 178

5.9 Mitigation of Accident Consequences 180

5.10 Scenarios 181

Scenario 5.1 181

Scenario 5.2 183

Scenario 5.3 185

Scenario 5.4 188

Scenario 5.5 190

Scenario 5.6 192

Scenario 5.7 194

Scenario 5.8 195

Scenario 5.9 196

References 197

6 Environmental Health Physics 201

6.1 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material 201

6.2 Radon 203

6.2.1 Buildup of Radon from Inleakage 206

6.2.2 Evolution of Radon from the Household Water Supply 206

6.2.3 Radon Risk Assessments 207

6.3 Environmental Monitoring Programs 207

6.4 Environmental Releases 208

6.5 Accumulation of Activity in Ponds and Surfaces 208

6.6 Pathways Associated with Open and Closed Fuel Cycles 210

6.6.1 High-Level Waste 210

6.6.2 Open Fuel Cycles 210

6.6.3 Closed Fuel Cycles 211

6.7 Regulatory Guidance for Effluent Pathways 211

6.8 Doses from Liquid Effluent Pathways 212

6.8.1 Potable Water 212

6.8.2 Aquatic Foods 213

6.8.3 Shoreline Deposits 214

6.8.4 Irrigated Foods 214

6.8.4.1 Irrigated Foods (Tritium) 214

6.8.4.2 Irrigated Foods (Radionuclides Other than Tritium) 215

6.9 Doses from Gaseous Effluent Pathways 216

6.9.1 Annual Gamma Air Dose from Noble Gas Releases from Free- Standing Stacks Higher than 80 Meters 216

6.9.2 Annual Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 217

6.9.2.1 Annual Gamma Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 217

6.9.2.2 Annual Beta Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 217

6.9.2.3 Annual Total Body Dose Equivalent from Noble Gas Releases from Free-Standing Stacks More than 80 Meters High 218

6.9.2.4 Annual Skin Dose from Noble Gas Releases from Free-Standing Stacks Higher than 80 Meters 218

6.10 Annual Doses from All Other Noble Gas Releases 219

6.10.1 Annual Total Body Dose Equivalent from All Other Noble Gas Releases 219

6.10.2 Annual Skin Dose from All Other Noble Gas Releases 219

6.11 Doses from Radioiodines and Other Radionuclides Released to the Atmosphere 220

6.11.1 Annual Organ Dose from External Irradiation from Radionuclides Deposited Onto the Ground Surface 220

6.11.2 Annual Organ Dose from Inhalation of Radionuclides in Air 220

6.11.3 Annual Organ Dose from Ingestion of Atmospherically Released Radionuclides in Food 221

6.12 Pathway Selection 222

6.13 Model Parameters 222

6.14 Intentional Dispersal of Radioactive Materials 222

6.15 Protection of the Environment 225

6.16 Scenarios 226

Scenario 6.1 226

Scenario 6.2 227

Scenario 6.3 228

Scenario 6.4 229

Scenario 6.5 230

Scenario 6.6 230

Scenario 6.7 231

Scenario 6.8 232

Scenario 6.9 233

References 234

7 Accelerator Health Physics 237

7.1 High-Energy Interactions 237

7.2 Radiation Types 239

7.3 Proton Accelerators 239

7.4 Electron Accelerators 240

7.4.1 Bremsstrahlung 240

7.4.2 Synchrotron Radiation 242

7.4.3 Electromagnetic Cascade 243

7.5 Light Sources 243

7.6 Heavy-Ion Accelerators 244

7.7 Large Hadron Collider 245

7.7.1 Antiprotons 245

7.7.2 Proton Reactions 245

7.7.3 Neutrons 246

7.7.4 Muons 246

7.7.5 Hadronic (Nuclear) Cascade 246

7.8 Muon Colliders 248

7.8.1 Bounding Neutrino Effective Dose - Linear Muon Collider 248

7.8.2 Bounding Neutrino Effective Dose - Circular Muon Collider 249

7.8.3 ALARA Impacts of Muon Colliders 250

7.9 Radiation Types of Concern 250

7.9.1 Residual Radioactivity 251

7.9.2 Activation of Water 251

7.9.3 Activation of the Soil 252

7.9.4 Activation of Air 252

7.9.5 Buildup of Radioactive and Toxic Gases in an Irradiation Cell 253

7.9.6 Other Radiation Sources 253

7.10 Shielding 255

7.11 Accelerator Beam Containment 257

7.12 Dose Equivalent Rate from the Accelerator Target 258

7.13 Beam Current 258

7.14 Pulsed Radiation Fields 259

7.15 Scenarios 259

Scenario 7.1 259

Scenario 7.2 261

Scenario 7.3 263

Scenario 7.4 264

Scenario 7.5 265

Scenario 7.6 266

Scenario 7.7 266

Scenario 7.8 267

Scenario 7.9 269

References 271

8 Nonionizing Radiation Health Physics 273

8.1 Sources of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation 273

8.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves 274

8.3 Antennas 275

8.3.1 Stationary Antennas 275

8.3.2 Rotating Antennas 277

8.4 Attenuation by Biological Systems 278

8.5 Biological Effects 279

8.6 Protection Standards 279

8.7 Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields 280

8.8 Laser Radiation 281

8.8.1 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units 281

8.8.2 Properties of the Laser 282

8.9 Biological Effects from Laser Radiation 282

8.9.1 Eye 283

8.9.2 Skin 284

8.10 Laser Standards 284

8.10.1 Intrabeam Exposures 285

8.10.2 Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance 286

8.10.3 Diffuse Reflections 286

8.10.4 Nominal Hazard Zone 287

8.10.5 Skin Exposures 287

8.11 Free Electron Lasers 288

8.12 Federal Regulations and Laser Standards 289

8.12.1 Laser Classes 289

8.12.2 Laser Safety Calculations 291

8.12.2.1 Limiting Aperture 292

8.12.2.2 Exposure Time/Maximum Permissible Exposure 292

8.13 Controlling Laser Radiation 293

8.14 Personnel Protective Equipment 294

8.15 Spectral Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Radiation 294

8.16 Scenarios 295

Scenario 8.1 295

Scenario 8.2 296

Scenario 8.3 297

Scenario 8.4 298

Scenario 8.5 300

Scenario 8.6 302

Scenario 8.7 302

Scenario 8.8 303

Scenario 8.9 304

References 306

Part III Answers and Solutions 309

Solutions for Chapter 1 311

Scenario 1.1 311

Scenario 1.2 312

Scenario 1.3 313

Scenario 1.4 313

Scenario 1.5 314

Scenario 1.6 316

Scenario 1.7 317

Scenario 1.8 318

Scenario 1.9 319

Scenario 1.10 321

Scenario 1.11 322

Scenario 1.12 325

Scenario 1.13 326

Scenario 1.14 327

Scenario 1.15 328

Scenario 1.16 329

Scenario 1.17 329

Scenario 1.18 331

Scenario 1.19 334

Scenario 1.20 336

Scenario 1.21 338

Scenario 1.22 339

Scenario 1.23 341

Scenario 1.24 343

Scenario 1.25 344

Scenario 1.26 345

Scenario 1.27 348

Scenario 1.28 352

Scenario 1.29 355

Scenario 1.30 356

Scenario 1.31 357

Scenario 1.32 358

Scenario 1.33 359

Scenario 1.34 360

Scenario 1.35 364

Scenario 1.36 366

Scenario 1.37 369

Scenario 1.38 372

Solutions for Chapter 2 375

Scenario 2.1 375

Scenario 2.2 378

Scenario 2.3 381

Scenario 2.4 384

Scenario 2.5 386

Scenario 2.6 388

Scenario 2.7 389

Scenario 2.8 391

Scenario 2.9 395

Scenario 2.10 398

Solutions for Chapter 3 403

Scenario 3.1 403

Scenario 3.2 406

Scenario 3.3 408

Scenario 3.4 410

Scenario 3.5 412

Scenario 3.6 413

Scenario 3.7 417

Scenario 3.8 419

Scenario 3.9 421

Scenario 3.10 423

Scenario 3.11 425

Solutions for Chapter 4 433

Scenario 4.1 433

Scenario 4.2 435

Scenario 4.3 438

Question 4.12 439

Scenario 4.4 440

Scenario 4.5 442

Scenario 4.6 444

Scenario 4.7 445

Scenario 4.8 449

Scenario 4.9 452

Solutions for Chapter 5 455

Scenario 5.1 455

Scenario 5.2 457

Scenario 5.3 459

Scenario 5.4 460

Scenario 5.5 462

Scenario 5.6 466

Scenario 5.7 468

Scenario 5.8 470

Scenario 5.9 472

Solutions for Chapter 6 475

Scenario 6.1 475

Scenario 6.2 477

Scenario 6.3 480

Scenario 6.4 483

Scenario 6.5 485

Scenario 6.6 486

Scenario 6.7 488

Scenario 6.8 489

Scenario 6.9 491

Solutions for Chapter 7 499

Scenario 7.1 499

Scenario 7.2 501

Scenario 7.3 503

Scenario 7.5 504

Scenario 7.6 506

Scenario 7.7 507

Scenario 7.8 510

Scenario 7.9 514

Solutions for Chapter 8 521

Scenario 8.1 521

Scenario 8.2 526

Scenario 8.3 530

Scenario 8.4 533

Scenario 8.5 537

Scenario 8.6 545

Scenario 8.7 547

Scenario 8.8 549

Scenario 8.9 554

Part IV Appendices 559

Appendix I Serial Decay Relationships 561

References 563

Appendix II Basic Source Geometries and Attenuation Relationships 565

References 571

Appendix III Neutron-Induced Gamma Radiation Sources 573

References 576

Appendix IV Selected Topics in Internal Dosimetry 577

References 624

Appendix V Radiation Risk and Risk Models 627

References 638

Appendix VI Key Health Physics Relationships 639

References 652

Appendix VII Production Equations in Health Physics 653

References 659

Appendix VIII Mathematical Review 661

References 671

Appendix IX Selected Data on Radionuclides of Health Physics Interest 673

References 678

Subject Index 679