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Full Description
Step-by-step visual guidance for organic chemistry laboratory work
Learning laboratory techniques from text alone leaves critical gaps between theory and practice. Hands-on Organic Chemistry: A Visual Laboratory Guide for Students and Professionals addresses this challenge through high-quality color photographs paired with step-by-step instructions. Written by Thomas Norberg, who brings many decades of teaching experience, this concise handbook provides the practical guidance students and early-career professionals need.
The guide covers the complete laboratory workflow from reaction setup to final product isolation and characterization. Readers will gain practical instruction in monitoring reactions, performing work-up and characterization, documenting results, and maintaining laboratory safety. Each part is illustrated with detailed color photographs that show the required equipment, materials, and procedures.
You will also discover:
Concise book format designed for quick reference at the bench while performing experiments rather than having to read lengthy instructions before laboratory sessions
Practical tips from decades of industry and academic laboratory experience distilled into guidance for avoiding common mistakes
Current analytical and documentation procedures aligned with professional standards expected in academic and industrial organic chemistry laboratories
Laboratory safety instructions integrated in each procedure to build safe working habits from the start of your laboratory training
Undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry and biochemistry, lecturers designing laboratory courses, and entry-level industrial chemists will find this visual guide invaluable. By combining photographic instruction with practical tips, this handbook builds the hands-on competence that transforms classroom knowledge into laboratory proficiency.
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction 1
2 Reaction Setup and Running 5
2.1 General Considerations 5
2.2 Reactions at Room Temperature 6
2.3 Reactions at Lowered Temperature 7
2.4 Reactions at Elevated Temperature 7
2.5 Reactions Under Exclusion of Moisture 8
2.6 Reactions Under Exclusion of Moisture and Air 8
2.7 Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions 11
2.8 Solid-phase Reactions 18
3 Reaction Monitoring 23
3.1 General Considerations 23
3.2 Thin-layer Chromatography 24
3.3 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 37
3.4 Monitoring of Solid-Phase Reactions 42
4 Reaction Workup 45
4.1 General Considerations 45
4.2 Liquid-Liquid Washing 45
4.3 Filtration 54
4.4 Evaporation 59
4.5 Distillation 65
4.6 Freeze-drying ("Lyophilization") 72
4.7 Crystallization/Recrystallization 75
4.8 Column Chromatography 84
5 Reaction Product Characterization 93
5.1 General Considerations 93
5.2 NMR Spectroscopy (Sample Preparation) 94
5.3 Mass Spectrometry (Sample Preparation) 95
5.4 Optical Rotation 97
5.5 Melting Point 100
6 Documentation 105
6.1 General Considerations 105
6.2 Lab Notes Handwritten on Paper 106
6.3 Lab Notes on Electronic Media Created with Word-processing Software 106
6.4 Lab Notes on Electronic Media Created with Specialized ELN (Electronic Lab Notes) Software 108
7 Safety in the Laboratory 111
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Personal Protection 112
7.3 Fixed Laboratory Safety Equipment 115
7.4 Dangerous Properties of Reagents and Solvents 118
8 Other Useful Information 123
8.1 General Considerations 123
8.2 Vacuum Sources 123
8.3 Heat Sources 131
8.4 Stirring Equipment 132
8.5 Balances 133
8.6 Labware 134
8.7 Storage of Chemicals 139
8.8 Setting Up an Organic Chemistry Lab: Equipment and Analytical Instruments 143
9 Multistep Organic Synthesis 147
References 148
Index 151
