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Full Description
Thorough discussion on renewable energies and their implementation into the process industry, emphasizing efficiency and demand of industrial processes
Renewable Energy in the Process Industry provides an overview of the challenges associated with the generation and storage of renewable energy, moving from a broad perspective to a zoomed-in look at a variety of different industries. The introductory chapter sets the current energy scene and its use in different countries. An outline is given for the electricity mix, how power generation is controlled, and why it may lead to on-demand power reduction. This outline is followed by a discussion of the technical aspects on generating renewable energy as well as energy storage with respect to efficiencies and important factors in the decision-making process.
Renewable Energy in the Process Industry includes information on:
Requirements for renewable energy in the process industry, such as stronger grid connections, extension of the grid together with its stability, and better communication between operators
Possible intermittency/interruptions in the heat supply that can arise when renewable energy is used
Electrification of the process industry to reduce emissions
Implementation of renewable energies in a variety of different industries, ranging from steel and cement manufacturing to pharmaceuticals and wastewater treatment, with flowsheets and operating conditions
Renewable Energy in the Process Industry is a timely, forward-thinking resource for process, chemical, and pharmaceutical engineers, bioengineers, and engineers involved in power technology.
Contents
About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Nomenclature xvii
1 Setting the Energy Scene 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Energy Carriers 5
1.3 Current Usage of Energy Carriers 12
1.4 Outlook 17
References 21
2 Power Generation - Harnessing Renewable Energy 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Thermal Power Generation Processes 28
2.3 Power Generation from Geothermal Energy 39
2.4 Hydropower 42
2.5 Wind Energy 46
2.6 Solar Power 53
2.7 The Grid 69
2.8 Outlook 71
References 74
3 Dealing with Intermittency - Storing Electric Power 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Pumped Hydro-Energy Storage (PHES) 86
3.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 88
3.4 Flywheel 94
3.5 Batteries 95
3.6 Flow Batteries 111
3.7 Supercapacitors 119
3.8 Outlook 121
References 126
4 Heating 135
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Heat Pumps 139
4.3 Resistive Heaters 146
4.4 Furnaces 151
4.5 Heat Integration 170
4.6 Heat Storage 174
4.7 Outlook 177
References 178
5 Chemical Storage of Energy 189
5.1 Power-to-X Concept 189
5.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier 190
5.3 Ammonia 236
5.4 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers - LOHCs 257
5.7 Outlook 285
References 289
6 Basic Industries 305
6.1 Introduction to the Basic Industries 305
6.2 Cement 307
6.3 Steel 325
6.4 Sulphuric Acid 349
6.5 Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid - The Chlor-Alkali Process 358
6.6 General Outlook for the Basic Industries 367
References 369
7 Manufacture of Materials 385
7.1 Introduction 385
7.2 Aluminium 387
7.3 Copper 398
7.4 Titanium and Titania 410
7.5 Silicon 418
7.6 Glass 434
7.7 Paper and Pulp Manufacturing 446
7.8 Outlook for Industrial Manufacture of Materials 459
References 463
8 Consumer Goods Industries 483
8.1 Overview of Consumer Goods Industries 483
8.2 Industrial Baking 486
8.3 Canning and Related Processes 496
8.4 Pharmaceutical Drugs 504
8.5 Wastewater Treatment 516
8.6 Outlook for Energy in the Consumer Goods Industry 529
References 530
9 General Outlook 543
9.1 Drivers to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 544
9.2 Accounting for Greenhouse Gas Emissions 548
9.3 Electrification 551
9.4 Alternative Fuels 555
9.5 Carbon Capture and Storage 557
9.6 New Opportunities 560
9.7 Concluding Remarks 562
References 563
Index 569
