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Full Description
Comprehensive overview of the various diagnosis techniques employed in disease detection and public health crisis management
Diagnostic Techniques in Public Health: Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Disease Detection and Management explores the roles of advanced chemometric approaches and modern diagnostic tools in addressing complex analytical challenges in global health. The book provides a systematic examination of major international public health emergencies, including COVID-19 and Monkeypox, as defined by the World Health Organization.
This volume brings together carefully curated chapters that integrate perspectives from molecular biology, analytical chemistry, nanotechnology, biomedical engineering, and informatics, addressing how diagnostic science can evolve to meet the demands of a rapidly changing and interconnected world.
Diagnostic Techniques in Public Health provides in-depth coverage of representative topics, including:
Molecular diagnostic technologies, ranging from classical polymerase chain reaction to next-generation isothermal amplification methods
ELISA-based immunoassays and genomic sequencing as key tools for pathogen surveillance
Emerging technologies such as CRISPR-based diagnostics and microfluidic systems enabling high automation, multiplexing, and reagent efficiency
Plasmonic biosensors and flexible bioelectronics, highlighting advances toward non-invasive, continuous, and personalized health monitoring
Bridging advanced analytical methodologies with public health applications, Diagnostic Techniques in Public Health serves as a valuable reference for analytical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical chemists, molecular biologists, and public health professionals.
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Public Health Emergencies: Global Significance, Challenges, and Disease Detection Strategies 1
Yan Du and Jinghong li
1.1 Beyond Infectious Threats: Expanding the Horizons of Global Health Challenges 2
1.1.1 Introduction to Global Health Challenges 2
1.1.2 Determinants Influencing the Spread and Management of Diseases 2
1.2 Tracing the Seven Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Announcements by the World Health Organization: From H1N1 to Monkeypox 3
1.2.1 Overview of the World Health Organization's Criteria for Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern 3
1.2.2 List of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Declarations with Dates and Brief Descriptions 3
1.2.2.1 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic (2009) 3
1.2.2.2 Poliovirus (2014) 4
1.2.2.3 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa (2014) 4
1.2.2.4 Zika Virus (2016) 4
1.2.2.5 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019) 4
1.2.2.6 COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) 4
1.2.2.7 Monkeypox (2022) 5
1.2.3 Comparative Analysis of the Responses to Each Public Health Emergency of International Concern and the Evolution of Global Health Security Measures 5
1.3 A Close Look at Smallpox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Influenza Variations 5
1.3.1 Eradication Effort and Lessons Learned from Smallpox 6
1.3.2 Etiology, Transmission, and the Global Response of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 6
1.3.3 Evolution of Influenza Strains and Their Implications for Global Pandemics 6
1.4 Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Major Public Health Emergencies 6
1.4.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antigen Immunoassay 7
1.4.2 Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Its Variants 7
1.4.2.1 High-Sensitivity Rapid Detection of COVID- 19 7
1.4.2.2 Single-Base Resolution Identification and Rapid Screening of COVID- 19
Variants 8
1.4.2.3 Single-Base Resolution Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Technology Assisting Vaccine Development and Drug Screening 9
1.4.3 Genetic Evolution Monitoring of the Monkeypox Virus 10
1.5 Conclusion and Discussion 12
References 13
2 Mastering Clinical Diagnostics: Modern Strategies for PHEIC Responses 19
XinxinShenandXuejunMa
2.1 Clinical Evaluation Comprehensive Pathway: From Cutting-edge Laboratory Analysis 19
2.2 Recombinase-aided Isothermal Amplification of Nucleic Acids: A New Dawn in Detection and Analysis 20
2.2.1 Introduction 20
2.2.2 Principle of the Recombinase-aided Amplification 21
2.2.3 The Detection of the RAA Products 22
2.2.4 Applications of Recombinase-aided Amplification 25
2.2.5 Advantages and Limitations of Recombinase-aided Amplification 28
2.2.6 Recent Advances of Recombinase-aided Amplification 29
2.2.7 Summary 41
2.3 Summary 41
References 42
3 Diving into the ELISA Technique: Its Role and Innovations in Public Health 45
Xin Wang, Nan Cheng, and Juewen Liu
3.1 Introduction to ELISA and Its Components 45
3.2 Recognition Molecules 47
3.2.1 Antibodies 47
3.2.2 Aptamers 49
3.2.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 51
3.3 Signaling Molecules, Enzymes, and Nanozymes 51
3.3.1 Enzyme/Antibody Conjugates 52
3.3.2 Nanozymes and Nanozyme/Antibody Conjugates 53
3.3.3 Some Common Substrates in ELISA 54
3.4 Different Assay Formats 55
3.5 ELISA for Viral Detection: SARS-CoV-2 as an Example 58
3.5.1 SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection 58
3.5.2 SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection 61
3.6 ELISA for Bacterial Identification 62
3.7 ELISA in Microfluidic Devices and Other Advanced Applications 64
3.7.1 Microfluidic-Integrated ELISA 64
3.7.2 Paper-Based Microfluidic ELISA 67
3.8 ELISA Using Aptamers 67
3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 69
References 70
4 Metallic Nanomaterials for Plasmonic Biosensors and Flexible Bioelectronics 77
Heng Zhang, Yi Chen, Cheng Yang, Yiyi Liu, and Wenlong Cheng
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Overview of Plasmonic Nanostructures 78
4.2.1 Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanoparticles 79
4.2.2 Nanoplasmonic Building Blocks ("Meta-atoms") 80
4.2.3 Plasmonic "Meta-molecules" 81
4.3 Plasmonic "Meta-crystals" 85
4.4 Plasmonic Biosensors 88
4.4.1 Plasmonic-based SERS Sensors 89
4.4.2 LSPR Colorimetric Sensors 96
4.5 Soft Bioelectronics 101
4.5.1 Materials and Design 102
4.5.2 Flexible Biosensors 107
4.5.2.1 Chemical Biomarkers 108
4.5.2.2 Physical Biomarkers 109
4.5.3 Soft Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors 111
4.5.4 Plasmonics-enhanced Electrochemical Sensors 113
4.5.5 Plasmonic-FET Biosensors 116
4.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 119
References 121
5 Deciphering Pathogens: The Power of Genomic Sequencing in Public Health 139
Hai-Yan Wang
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 DNA Sequencing Technology 149
5.2.1 History of DNA Sequencing Technology 149
5.2.1.1 The Invention of First-Generation DNA Sequencing Technology 149
5.2.1.2 The Second Generation of DNA Sequencing Technology 150
5.2.1.3 The Third Generation of DNA Sequencing 151
5.3 Nanopore Sequencing Technology, Bioinformatics and Applications in Genomic Sequencing 154
5.3.1 The Principle and History of Nanopore Sequencing 154
5.3.2 Nanopore Technology Used in Genomic Sequencing 160
5.3.3 Nanopore Technology Used in Pathogen Diagnosis 162
5.4 Conclusion and Perspective 164
References 166
6 The Art of Molecular Diagnosis: Techniques and Implications for Public Health 181
Lu Gao, Zhiyin Wang, Pengkun Yin, Sitong Lv, Ye Peng, Yao liu, and Feng li
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Criteria for Developing Molecular Diagnostic Technologies 184
6.2.1 Robustness and Reliability 184
6.2.2 Specificity 184
6.2.3 Sensitivity 185
6.2.4 Speed 185
6.3 Amplifying the Invisible: PCR's Pivotal Role in Genetic Detection 185
6.3.1 Overview of PCR 185
6.3.2 Types of PCR 186
6.3.2.1 Reverse Transcription PCR 186
6.3.2.2 Asymmetric PCR 186
6.3.2.3 Nested PCR 188
6.3.2.4 Arms Pcr 188
6.3.3 Quantitative PCR 188
6.3.3.1 Dye-Based qPCR 189
6.3.3.2 Molecular Beacon-Based qPCR 190
6.3.3.3 TaqMan Probe-Based qPCR 190
6.3.4 Digital PCR 191
6.3.4.1 Droplet-Based Microfluidic Technology and Chip-Based Microfluidic Technology 192
6.3.5 Portable PCR for Point-of-Care Testing 197
6.4 Isothermal Amplification: Revolutionizing Molecular Diagnostics with Constant Temperature 202
6.4.1 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification 202
6.4.1.1 Integration of LAMP with Various Detection Technologies 203
6.4.1.2 Integration of LAMP with Various Detection Equipments 205
6.4.2 Recombinase Polymerase Amplification 208
6.4.3 Strand Displacement Amplification 211
6.4.4 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification 211
6.4.5 Exponential Amplification Reaction 215
6.4.6 Rolling Circle Amplification 216
6.5 Isothermal and Enzyme-Free Nucleic Acid Amplification 220
6.6 Summary and Outlook 223
References 224
7 CRISPR-Based Molecular Diagnostics: A Revolution in Detection and Management of Diseases 235
Bang-Ce Ye, Pei-Qiang Ma, and Zhen-Ping Zou
7.1 Dissecting CRISPR: Its Classification, Tools, and Mechanisms 236
7.1.1 The Classification of CRISPR/Cas Systems 236
7.1.1.1 Class 1 CRISPR/Cas Systems 239
7.1.1.2 Class 2 CRISPR/Cas Systems 242
7.1.2 CRISPR/Cas Tools for Diagnostic Implications 244
7.1.3 Detection Mechanism 246
7.1.3.1 Nucleic Acid Detection 246
7.1.3.2 Non-nucleic Acid Targets Detection 251
7.2 Pinpoint Accuracy: Utilizing CRISPR/Cas Systems for Pathogen Detection 254
7.2.1 CRISPR System for Viral Infection Diagnosis 254
7.2.2 CRISPR System for Bacterial Infection Diagnosis 257
7.2.3 CRISPR System for Parasites and Fungi Diagnosis 259
7.2.4 CRISPR System for Non-infectious Disease Diagnosis 261
7.3 The CRISPR-Based Diagnosis: Opportunities and Challenges 264
References 265
8 Precision and Speed: The Rise of High-Throughput Microfluidic Systems in Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases 279
Jinlu Tang, Yuehe lin, and Zhaohui li
8.1 Introduction 279
8.2 The Origins and Developments of Microfluidics 280
8.2.1 Inception Phase 280
8.2.2 Early Research in Microfluidics 281
8.2.3 μTAS Concept 282
8.2.4 DARPA and the Human Genome Project 282
8.2.5 Pdms 283
8.2.6 Droplet Microfluidics and Digital Microfluidics 284
8.2.7 Paper Microfluidics 286
8.2.8 Open Microfluidics 286
8.2.9 Organ-on-a-Chip 287
8.2.10 3D-Printed Microfluidics 289
8.2.11 CRISPR-based Microfluidics 291
8.2.12 AI-Assisted Microfluidics 294
8.3 Applications of Microfluidic Technology in the Detection of Public Infectious Diseases 295
8.3.1 SARS-CoV-2 Detection 295
8.3.1.1 Paper Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 297
8.3.1.2 Droplet/Digital Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 302
8.3.1.3 Other Integrated Microfluidic Platforms for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 307
8.3.2 Microfluidic Systems for Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Detection 311
8.3.2.1 Paper Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of DENV or ZIKV 312
8.3.2.2 Other Integrated Microfluidic Platforms for the Detection of DENV or Zikv 313
8.3.3 Microfluidic Systems for Ebola Virus Detection 315
8.3.3.1 Paper Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of EBOV 317
8.3.3.2 Other Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of EBOV 318
8.4 Limitations, Current Trends, and Future Prospects 321
References 324
9 The Future of Detection: Instrumentation and Techniques on the Horizon 343
Tingting Zheng, Limin Zhang, and Yang Tian
9.1 The Electrifying World of Detection: New-Age Electrochemical Methods 343
9.1.1 Highly Selective Electrochemical Strategies Using Double-Recognition Molecular Probes 343
9.1.2 More Accurate Electrochemical Sensors with Self-Calibration Ability 346
9.1.3 Highly Stable Assembled Surfaces with Anti-Biofouling for Long-Term Measurement 348
9.1.4 Iontronics Based on Electrochemistry at Liquid/Liquid Interfacial 351
9.1.5 New In Vivo Electrochemical Measurement without External Power Support 353
9.1.6 Summary and Outlook 358
9.2 Probing the Minuscule: SERS In Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopy 358
9.2.1 Raman Instruments 358
9.2.1.1 The Basic Principles of Raman Scattering 358
9.2.1.2 Laser Raman Spectrometer 359
9.2.1.3 Portable Raman Spectrometer 361
9.2.1.4 Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 361
9.2.2 The Principles of SERS-Based Detection 363
9.2.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement 364
9.2.2.2 Chemical Enhancement 364
9.2.2.3 SERS Substrate 366
9.2.3 Advancements in SERS Technology for Public Health Emergency Response 366
9.2.3.1 SERS Technology for Detection of RNA Viruses 367
9.2.3.2 SERS Technology for Detection of DNA Viruses 368
9.2.3.3 SERS Technology for the Detection of Bacteria 370
9.2.4 Summary and Outlook 371
9.3 Sensor Synthesis: Merging Technologies for Superior Diagnostic Proficiency 372
9.3.1 Electrochemical-SERS Hybrid Systems 372
9.3.2 Microfluidic Integration in SERS 374
9.3.3 SERS-Fluorescence Dual-Mode Detection 375
9.3.4 Advanced SERS Instrumentation and AI Analytics 380
9.3.5 Challenges and Future Horizons 380
References 383
10 Redefining Point-of-Care Testing: Rapid Diagnostic Innovations 389
Ryan Amini, Jian Xiao Ma, Cheryl Tong, and Yingfu li
10.1 A New Wave in POCT: Tracking the Advances in Instruments and Methods 391
10.1.1 Chemometric and Analytical Diagnostic Detection Methods 392
10.1.1.1 Colorimetric Detection Methods 392
10.1.1.2 Fluorescence Detection Methods 393
10.1.1.3 Chemiluminescence Detection Methods 394
10.1.1.4 Electrochemical Detection Methods 394
10.1.1.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Detection Methods 395
10.1.2 Chemometric and Analytical Diagnostic Detection Instruments and Devices 398
10.1.2.1 Lateral Flow Devices 398
10.1.2.2 Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Devices 400
10.1.2.3 Lab-on-a-Disc (LOAD) Devices 401
10.1.2.4 Miniaturized PCR Devices 404
10.1.2.5 Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Devices 405
10.1.3 Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into POCT 407
10.2 Enhancing the Existing: Integrating Viral Detection in Current POCT Platforms 408
10.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 409
10.2.1.1 Background 409
10.2.1.2 Current Methods for Diagnosing HIV and Monitoring Disease Progression 409
10.2.1.3 Improving Antigen Detection 410
10.2.1.4 Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests 410
10.2.1.5 CD4 Cell Count 413
10.2.2 Covid- 19 414
10.2.2.1 Background 414
10.2.2.2 Current Commercial Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 414
10.2.2.3 New Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 415
10.3 Challenges in POCT 422
10.3.1 Sensitivity and Specificity Challenges 423
10.3.2 Multiplexing 424
10.3.3 Awareness/Distrust of POCT 425
10.3.4 Mass Production Issues 425
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 426
References 427
11 Looking Forward: Perspectives on the Future of Diagnostic Techniques 443
Yan Du and Jinghong li
11.1 Introduction: The Evolution of Diagnostic Techniques 444
11.1.1 The Demand forPrecision and Accessibility in Diagnostics 444
11.1.2 Transforming Public Health Surveillance and Clinical Diagnostics 445
11.1.3 The Role of Chemometric Approaches in Optimizing Diagnostic Accuracy and Automation 446
11.2 The Paradigm Shift in Molecular Diagnostics 447
11.2.1 Beyond PCR: The Rise of Isothermal and CRISPR-Based Methods 447
11.2.1.1 Limitations of Traditional PCR-Based Diagnostics 447
11.2.1.2 Isothermal Amplification Methods: Overcoming PCR Limitations 447
11.2.1.3 CRISPR-based Diagnostics: A Disruptive Technology for POCT 448
11.2.2 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Genomic Surveillance 448
11.2.2.1 The Increasing Role of Metagenomic Sequencing in Pathogen Detection 448
11.2.2.2 Real-Time Sequencing and AI-Driven Genomic Analysis 449
11.3 Advancements in Biosensing and Bioelectronics 450
11.3.1 Plasmonic and Nano-Enabled Biosensors 450
11.3.2 Microfluidic Platforms for High-Throughput Analysis 451
11.3.3 Flexible Bioelectronics and Wearable Diagnostics 452
11.4 The Fusion of Chemometric Approaches with AI-Driven Approaches in Future Diagnostics 453
11.4.1 Data-Driven Precision Diagnostics 453
11.4.2 Standardization, Interoperability, and Global Data Sharing 453
11.5 Outlook: Challenges and Future Directions in Diagnostic Techniques 454
11.5.1 Overcoming Barriers to Accessibility and Scalability 455
11.5.2 Addressing Ethical and Regulatory Challenges in AI and Genomic Diagnostics 456
11.5.3 Strategic Implementation for Global Health Impact 457
References 458
Index 463
