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Full Description
Comprehensive reference focusing on features of promising new materials and devices for electrochromic and integrated multifunctional systems
Next-Generation Electrochromic Devices: From Multifunctional Materials to Smart Glasses covers the basic concepts and the potential use of electrolytes, conducting polymers and multifunctional materials for the development of electrochromic (EC) and integrated systems, focusing on the influence of solid-state electrolytes and interface features on the design of new device structures and simplified manufacturing.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I explores the chemistry of the main components of devices with a special focus on the main critical material issues, covering mixed-ion and electron conductors, electrodes, and more. Part II describes EC and multifunctional devices, such as photoelectrochromic smart windows and see-through ECOLED displays, and the main characterization techniques for the study of material properties, interfaces and device performance. Part III comprehends device manufacturing, scale-up procedures, and discusses the main benefits of smart windows in terms of energy savings, visual comfort, and environmental impact, proposing contextually a multitude of pioneering ideas and concepts with a specific insight into emerging devices in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI), immersive reality and invisible technologies.
Next-Generation Electrochromic Devices includes information on:
Inorganic and organic electrochromic materials, including graphene, 3D transitional metal oxides, Prussian blue, viologens, conducting polymers, organic mixed ionic and electronic materials, and highly transparent electrodes
Electrolytes including inorganic, liquid, gel, and solid-state polymers, their ionic conductivity and transport properties
Thin film deposition methods: chemical deposition through solution processing techniques, sol-gel, Langmuir-Blodgett, electrochemical and physical deposition by means thermal and electron-beam evaporation, sputtering, pulsed laser, and molecular beam epitaxy deposition
Electrochemical analysis of materials, interface, and device durability
Organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor materials for innovative and multifunctional optoelectronic systems
Optical, structural, chemical, and physical methods for the study of electrochromism and material properties including NMR, X-Ray diffraction analysis, XPS, UV-Vis, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy
Energy efficiency of EC glazings and their impact on thermal and visual comfort
Emerging materials for chromogenic systems, smart windows, and new energy devices
Fully integrated ECOLED see-through displays and multifunctional smart devices for immersive reality and invisible technologies
Impact of AI and next-generation technologies on social, human, and environmental changes
Next-Generation Electrochromic Devices is an essential reference on the subject for materials scientists, chemists, physicists, as well as architects, electrical and civil engineers. It can be also a source of inspiration for artists, graphic designers, and art workers.
Contents
About the Author ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Electrochromism: A Brief Note on the History and Recent Evolution 1
Part I Materials 7
2 Electrochromic Materials 9
2.1 Inorganic Electrochromic Materials 11
2.1.1 Transition Metal Oxide Cathodic Materials 12
2.1.2 Transition Metal Oxide Anodic Materials 23
2.1.3 Anodic and Cathodic - Transition Metal Oxide Materials: V 2 O 5 28
2.2 2D Materials 31
2.2.1 2D Transitional Metal Oxides 32
2.2.2 Graphene 35
2.3 Organic Electrochromic Materials 36
2.3.1 Prussian Blue 36
2.3.2 Viologens: Small Molecules, Polyviologens, and Hybrid Composite Materials 38
2.3.3 Semiconducting Polymers 45
3 Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors 55
3.1 Semiconducting Polymers and Small Molecules 57
3.2 Structure-Property Relationship and Charge Transport in Disordered Organic Materials 62
3.3 Potential Impact of Mixed Conductors on the Design of New EC and Multifunctional Devices 65
4 Electrolytes 67
4.1 Liquid Electrolytes 68
4.2 Polymer Electrolytes: From Gel to Solid Polymers 69
4.2.1 Ionic Conductivity and Transport Properties in Polymer Electrolytes 81
4.3 Inorganic Electrolytes 85
5 Electrodes 89
5.1 Transparent and Conducting Oxides 89
5.2 Carbon-Based Electrode Materials 91
5.3 Metal Nanowires and Metal Grids 93
6 Critical Material Issues 99
Part II Devices 105
7 Device Structure: The Key Role of the Interfaces in the Device Design 107
7.1 Electrochromic Devices 108
7.1.1 All-Solid-State Double-Substrate Electrochromic Device 110
7.1.2 Monolithic Single-Substrate Electrochromic Device 116
7.2 Electrochromic Multifunctional Devices 121
7.2.1 Photoelectrochromic and Photovoltachromic: Device Architectures 122
7.2.1.1 Power Supply of Photoelectrochromic Devices: Semitransparent Silicon, DSSC, Polymers, and Perovskite PV Cell 128
7.2.2 Electrochromic and Electroluminescent Devices: ECOLEDs and ECLECs 140
7.2.2.1 Electroluminescence, Electrofluorescence, and Electrochromism: Multifunctional Devices Based on Thereof 151
7.2.3 Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices 156
7.2.4 Self-Rechargeable Electrochromic Transparent Battery and Self-Powered Photovoltaic Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices 163
8 Thin-Film Processing Technologies 169
8.1 Chemical Deposition 170
8.1.1 Spin Coating, Dip Coating, Spray Coating, and Inkjet Printing 170
8.1.2 Sol-Gel Method 172
8.1.3 Electrochemical Deposition 173
8.1.4 Langmuir-Blodgett Film Deposition 174
8.1.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition 175
8.2 Physical Depositions 176
8.2.1 Thermal and Electron-Beam Evaporation 177
8.2.2 Sputtering Deposition 178
8.2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 178
8.2.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 179
9 Analysis of Device Performance 181
9.1 Optical Spectroscopy 182
9.1.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Optical Properties 182
9.1.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 186
9.2 Electrochemical Analysis 187
9.2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry 188
9.2.2 Chronoamperometry 194
9.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: Interface Properties and Ion Diffusion Constants 196
9.2.4 Cyclic Stability and Long-Term Durability 199
9.3 Chemical and Physical Methods for Electrochromism and Analysis of Material Properties 209
9.3.1 X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy 210
9.3.2 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 214
9.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 216
9.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 218
9.4 Characterization of Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction Materials 222
9.4.1 Direct Measurement of Ion Mobility in OMIECs 225
Part III Scale-up, Energy and Environment, and Next-generation Technologies 231
10 Construction of Smart Windows: From Laboratory to Industry Scale 233
10.1 Manufacturing Processes: Materials and Deposition Techniques 234
10.2 Scale-Up Procedures: Electrochromic Windows and Large-Area Photovoltaic Modules 248
10.3 Laminated Smart Windows and Adhesive Electrochromic Smart Films 261
11 Energy-Efficient Electrochromic Glazings for Green Buildings 263
11.1 Energy Demand and Consumption in Buildings: Energy Saving of Electrochromic Glazings 267
11.2 Effect of Electrochromic Glazings on Visual Comfort: Usable UDI and Dgi 270
12 Emerging and Next-Generation Technologies for Fabrication of Dynamic Tintable Windows 273
12.1 Smart Photoelectrochromic and Thermochromic Windows: Green Technologies Toward More Sustainable Buildings 273
12.2 Emerging and Next-Generation Technologies 283
12.3 The New Era of Artificial Intelligence: Toward Immersive Reality and Invisible Technologies 291
References 299
Index 337
