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Full Description
Anchors are everyday items in construction. However, the ever more complex world of building has led to anchor technology being investigated in more and more scientific detail during the course of product development. New anchor systems take into account the increasing diversity of base materials and the required economic efficiency. The scientific studies result in sometimes highly complex engineering design methods that are specified in numerous codes of practice, e.g. EN 1992-4 "Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 4: Design of fastenings for use in concrete". As a result, it is no longer possible to design an anchor with a simple, quick and easily grasped manual calculation.
However, the experience of the authors over the past 20 years shows that in order to gain the acceptance of users, there is an urgent need to translate academic anchor theory into manageable anchor practice for real building sites.
It is exactly that gap that this book intends to fill. The focus is on the practical use of anchors and answering practical questions such as: "Which anchor do I need for my fastening task and what do I have to consider?" To answer this question, the authors guide the reader through the seemingly vast number of anchor systems and provide advice for everyday building situations. The theory regarding the structural behaviour is only explained, and then only briefly, when it helps to solve the fastening task and understand the solution to that task. For clarity, the reader is merely referred to the existing codes of practice and other specialist publications that provide summaries.
All authors have been working for many years with a focus on anchors and fastenings, some of them in anchor testing laboratory or as trainers. They are members of various working groups and committees in concrete and masonry structures.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 By way of an introduction: a real conversation about anchors in a private situation
1.3 Anchor technology for professionals
2 European regulations
2.1 General
2.2 European Technical Assessment (ETA)
2.3 CE marking
2.4 Overview of important regulations
3 Base material ? In what material do I want to fasten my anchors?
3.1 General
3.2 Identifying the base material on the building site
3.2.1 Identifying the base material by means of construction documents
3.2.2 Identifying the base material without construction documents
4 Base materials in detail
4.1 Concrete
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Cracked (reinforced) concrete
4.1.3 Uncracked concrete
4.1.4 Types of concrete
4.1.5 Compressive strength classes
4.2 Masonry
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Solid and vertically perforated clay bricks
4.2.3 Solid and perforated calcium silicate units
4.2.4 Solid and hollow lightweight concrete blocks
4.2.5 Aerated concrete blocks
4.2.6 Autoclaved aerated concrete: wall, floor and roof panels
4.2.7 Solid and hollow masonry units made from normal-weight concrete
4.2.8 Stone
4.2.9 Base materials subsequently insulated
5 Environment -
What are the external influences?
5.1 General
5.2 Temperature
5.3 Freezing Temperatures
5.4 Fire
5.5 Corrosion
5.5.1 Advice in the approvals for anchors
5.5.2 Advice for anchoring fastenings in concrete according to EN 1992-4
5.5.3 Additional helpful information
6 Member dimensions -
Where can I install my anchor?
6.1 Definitions of important terms and dimensions in anchor technology
6.2 (Minimum) member thickness
6.2.1 Concrete
6.2.2 Masonry
6.3 Edge distance c
6.3.1 Concrete
6.3.2 Masonry
6.4 Spacing s
6.4.1 Concrete
6.4.2 Masonry
6.5 Regulations for approved plastic anchors
7 Fixtures and anchor plates -
What do I want to fasten?
7.1 General
7.2 The theory behind fixtures and anchor plates
7.3 The support of the fixture
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Fixture with statically determinate supports - single fastening
7.3.3 Fixture with statically indeterminate supports - multiple fastenings
7.3.4 Summary with one example
7.4 Clearance holes in fixtures
7.5 Types of installation
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Fixture mounted afterwards
7.5.3 Anchor installed through fixture
7.6 Hole patterns in fixtures (arrangement of fastenings)
7.7 Fixtures and anchor plates in practice
8 Actions -
What loads act on my fastening?
8.1 General
8.2 Loading directions (nature of the loading)
8.3 Action effects (types of load)
8.4 Design is the job of the planning team!
8.5 An example to illustrate action effects
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Structural system
8.5.3 Self-weight - dead load
8.5.4 Imposed loads
8.5.5 Actions on the anchors due to dead and imposed loads
8.5.6 Dynamic loads
8.5.7 Summary
9 Anchor systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anchor systems for anchorages in concrete
9.2.1 Metal anchors
9.2.2 Bonded anchors
9.3 Anchor systems for anchorage in concrete and masonry -
Plastic anchors
9.4 Anchor systems for anchorage in masonry -
Injection systems
10 Design
11 Installation
11.1 Installation technicians - trained personnel
11.2 Drill -
Drilling - cleaning out drilled holes
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Position of the hole
11.2.3 Drilling methods
11.2.5 Aborted holes
11.3 Temperature - working life -
Curing time
12 Typical mistakes and what we can do differently or better
12.1 General
12.2 Environment - corrosion
12.3 Member dimensions - edge distances and spacings
12.4 Anchor systems
12.5 Dowel installation
13 Summary -
How do I solve my fastening task?
14 Determining the resistances of plastic anchors and metal injection anchors by means of job sites tests
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles for job site tests involving masonry base materials
14.3 Responsibilities
14.4 Technical Rule Execution and evaluation of job site tests of plastic anchors for use in concrete and masonry with ETA
14.5 Practical example 1: Tension tests on plastic anchors (tests to failure) - fastening of a façade support structure
14.6 Technical Rule Execution and evaluation of job site tests of injection anchor systems for use in masonry with ETA
14.7 Practical example 2: Tension tests for injection anchors (tests to failure) - fastening a balustrade for a French balcony
14.8 Summary
14.9 References
Appendix 1 Execution and evaluation of job site tests of plastic anchors for use in concrete and masonry with ETA in accordance with EAD 330284-00-0604 or ETAG 020
Appendix 2 Execution and evaluation of job site tests of injection anchor systems for use in masonry with ETA in accordance with EAD 330076-00-0604 or ETAG 029
